islands.

"Whereas since the completion and publication of said census, Good order generally there have been no serious disturbances of the public order save maintained and except those caused by the noted outlaws and bandit chieftains, in the Felizardo and Montalon, and their followers in the provinces of Cavite and Batangas, and those caused in the provinces of Samar and Leyte by the non-Christian and fanatical pula janes resident in the mountain districts of the said provinces, and the barrios contiguous thereto; and

"Whereas the overwhelming majority of the people of said provinces of Cavite, Batangas, Samar, and Leyte have not taken part in said disturbances and have not aided nor abetted the lawless acts of said bandits and pulajanes; and

"Whereas the great mass and body of Philippine people have, during said period of two years, continued to be law abiding, peaceful and loyal to the United States, and have continued to recognize and do now recognize the authority and sovereignty of the United States in the territory of said Philippine Islands, Now therefore be it

"Resolved by the Philippine Commission in formal session duly assembled, that it, said Philippine Commission, do certify and does hereby certify to the President of the United States that for a period of two years after the completion and publication of the census a condition of general and complete peace with recognition of the authority of the United States, has continued to exist, and now exists in the territory of said Philippine Islands, not inhabited by Moros or other non-Christian tribes; and be it further "Resolved by said Philippine Commission, That the President of the United States be requested and is hereby requested to direct said Philippine Commission to call a general election for the choice of delegates to a popular assembly of the people of said territory in the Philippine Islands, which assembly shall be known as the Philippine Assembly;"

Now, therefore, I, Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States, in pursuance of the provisions of the law above cited, and

Proclama

tion calling

being satisfied of the facts certified to me by the Philippine Comthe election. mission do hereby direct said Philippine Commission to call a general election for the choice of delegates to a popular assembly of the people of the territory of the Philippine Islands not inhabited by the Moros or other non-Christian tribes which shall be known as the Philippine Assembly.

Status of the inhabitants.

The chief executive.

The White House, March 28, 1907.

THEODORE Roosevelt.

158. The Organization of Government in Porto Rico

These extracts from the organic law of Porto Rico give the principal sections dealing with the form of government for that dependency:

SEC. 6. That the capital of Porto Rico shall be at the city of San Juan and the seat of government shall be maintained there.

SEC. 7. That all inhabitants continuing to reside therein who were Spanish subjects on the eleventh day of April, eighteen hundred and ninety-nine, and then resided in Porto Rico, and their children born subsequent thereto, shall be deemed and held to be citizens of Porto Rico, and as such entitled to the protection of the United States, except such as shall have elected to preserve their allegiance to the Crown of Spain on or before the eleventh day of April, nineteen hundred, in accordance with the provisions of the treaty of peace between the United States and Spain entered into on the eleventh day of April, eighteen hundred and ninetynine; and they, together with such citizens of the United States. as may reside in Porto Rico, shall constitute a body politic under the name of The People of Porto Rico, with governmental powers as hereinafter conferred, and with power to sue and be sued as such.

chief executive officer He shall be appointed

SEC. 17. That the official title of the shall be "The Governor of Porto Rico." by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate; he shall hold his office for a term of four years and until his successor is chosen and qualified unless sooner removed by the Presi

dent; he shall reside in Porto Rico during his official incumbency, and shall maintain his office at the seat of government; he may grant pardons and reprieves, and remit fines and forfeitures for offenses against the laws of Porto Rico, and respites for offenses against the laws of the United States, until the decision of the President can be ascertained; he shall commission all officers that he may be authorized to appoint, and may veto any legislation enacted, as hereinafter provided; he shall be the commander in chief of the militia, and shall at all times faithfully execute the laws, and he shall in that behalf have all the powers of governors of the Territories of the United States that are not locally inapplicable; and he shall annually, and at such other times as he may be required, make official report of the transactions of the government in Porto Rico, through the Secretary of State, to the President of the United States: Provided, That the President may in his discretion, delegate and assign to him such executive duties and functions as may in pursuance with law be so delegated and assigned.

executive officials and

SEC. 18. That there shall be appointed by the President, by The and with the advice and consent of the Senate, for the period of four years, unless sooner removed by the President, a secretary, council. an attorney-general, a treasurer, an auditor, a commissioner of the interior, and a commissioner of education, each of whom shall reside in Porto Rico during his official incumbency and have the powers and duties hereinafter provided for them, respectively, and who, together with five other persons of good repute, to be also appointed by the President for a like term of four years, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall constitute an executive council, at least five of whom shall be native inhabitants of Porto Rico, and, in addition to the legislative duties hereinafter imposed upon them as a body, shall exercise such powers and perform such duties as are hereinafter provided for them, respectively, and who shall have power to employ all necessary deputies and assistants for the proper discharge of their duties as such officials and as such executive council.

The legislature.

SEC. 27. That all local legislative powers hereby granted shall be vested in a legislative assembly which shall consist of two houses; one the executive council, as herein before constituted, and the other a house of delegates, to consist of thirty-five members elected biennially by the qualified voters as hereinafter provided; and the two houses thus constituted shall be designated "The legislative assembly of Porto Rico."

SEC. 28. That for the purposes of such elections Porto Rico shall be divided by the executive council into seven districts, composed of contiguous territory and as nearly equal as may be in population, and each district shall be entitled to five members of the house of delegates..

PART III

STATE GOVERNMENT

CHAPTER XXII

THE CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS OF STATE GOVERNMENT

159. Federal Limitations on State Authorities

In addition to constructing a system of government endowed with certain powers, the framers of the federal Constitution drew about the states a cordon of restrictions in favor of national interests and private rights, and at the close of the Civil War these limitations were supplemented by amendments of the most fundamental character. Within the sphere of power thus marked out in the Constitution all state authorities must operate under the supervision of the federal judiciary.

Section 10,

of the federal

1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confedera- Article I, tion; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender Constitution. in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law,

or law impairing the obligation of contracts; or grant any title of nobility.

2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any State on imports or exports shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States, and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.

3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any