Nearly all, if not quite all, of these eminent professors and authors have been public teachers of medicine for more than 20 years. And it is to be borne in mind, that 20 years is a long time for such arduous services. I shall not take the time to particularize in regard to all the names in this last mentioned list, but cannot refrain from noting a few of them, as follows: Robley Dunglison, 1798-1869, was born in England, practiced a short while in London, then came to America, and in 1824 was appointed professor of medicine in the University of Virginia. Three years later he filled the chair of materia medica in the University of Maryland, and in 1836 was elected to the professorship of theory and practice of Jefferson Medical College and remained in that position until the time of his death, in 1869, after a public service of 45 years, as a teacher of medicine. He was the author of numerous medical textbooks upon various branches of medical science, including a dictionary, which has been a standard authority for more than half a century. Joseph Pancoast commenced lecturing on surgery and anatomy in connection with Jefferson Medical College in 1831; was made professor of anatomy in 1861 and retained that position until the time of his death. Dr. John K. Mitchell became professor of chemistry in the Philadelphia Medical Institute in the year 1826 and in 1833 took the same chair in the Franklin Institute and finally, in 1841, became professor of theory and practice in Jefferson Medical college, where he continued until 1857, with an entire professional career of 31 years. Charles D. Meigs was a public

teacher of obstetrics and diseases of women and children for 22 years, commencing in 1841.

In the medical history of New York City, the first person to attract our attention is Dr. David Hosack, who was appointed professor of botany in the Columbia College in the year 1795, and professor of materia medica in 1797, with the addition of midwifery to his chair in 1807. Dr. Hosack has always been renowned as one of New York City's pioneer medical teachers. Dr. John W. Francis was appointed professor of the institutes of medicine and materia medica in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in 1816. From the year 1819, he was professor of obstetrics, upon which subject he lectured for 40 years. Dr. Valentine Mott was called to the chair of surgery, in Columbia Medical College, in 1809, and remained until that institution was

merged into the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in 1813. He withdrew from the last named school in 1826, and with Drs. Hosack, Francis and Mitchell founded Rutger's Medical School, but subsequently returned to the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and continued as a lecturer there until quite advanced in life, having taught surgery for more than 41 years. Dr. Willard Parker was at first appointed professor of anatomy in the Vermont Medical School in 1830. During the same year he was appointed professor of anatomy in the Berkshire Medical College, Massachusetts, where in 1833 he became professor of surgery. In 1836 he accepted the chair of surgery in that medical college. In 1839, he was appointed professor of surgery in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York. He had a career of about 40 years as a medical teacher. Since Dr. Parker's time, there have been quite a number of eminent medical teachers in New York City whose terms of service have exceeded 30 years, but I have no opportunity or ability of naming them now.

In Harvard University, Dr. John C. Warren became assistant professor of surgery in 1806, and was full professor from 1815 to 1847, and then emeritus professor till the time of his death in 1856, after an active career as teacher of 41 years, and of nine years as emeritus-51 years in all. He was one of the founders, and for many years editor of the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal; had much to do in establishing the Massachusetts General Hospital, and was one of the first to use ether as an anesthetic in surgery. As to the other veteran teachers in the medical department of Harvard University, I could ascertain but little more at present, than that Professor White was appointed lecturer on chemistry, in 1863, and later became professor of dermatology, and has just been made professor emeritus, after a career as teacher of nearly 40 years. Professor Cheever was appointed assistant in the chair of anatomy in 1866, but shortly after was transferred to surgery, where he lectured for many years, and he is now retired as emeritus professor, after having held the honors of his position for 36 years.

At the Bowdoin Medical School, of Maine, Professor Cleveland Parker occupied the chair of chemistry from 1826 to 185832 years; Professor Frederick H. Gerrish filled the chair of materia medica from 1872 to 1882 and from the last date to the

present he has been professor of anatomy 30 years, and Dr. Alfred Mitchell has been professor of obstetrics and internal medicine ever since 1869-34 years. The remaining professors have taught less than 20 years.

In the University of Vermont, Professor A. F. A. King has been lecturing on obstetrics and diseases of women and children ever since 1872-31 years; S. W. Thayer, M, D., LL.D., has been professor of anatomy and physiology and of surgery from 1853 to 1872, and he lectured on clinics while acting as emeritus, until the time of his death, in 1882, a period of 29 years. Walter Carpenter was professor of materia medica, 1853-7; theory and practice, 1857-81, an active service of 28 years. He died in 1892.

At the medical department of Laval University, Quebec, Canada (French), established in 1852, Dr. Charles Eusebe Lemireux held successively the chairs of practical anatomy, general physiology, descriptive anatomy and external clinics, from the foundation of the college to the time of his death in 1899— 46 years. Dr. Laurent Catellier, at different times held the chairs of anatomy, external pathology, both general and clinical, from 1870 to the present-32 years-and Professor L. Y. A. Linard occupied successively the chairs of descriptive and practical anatomy, physiology, general pathology, ophthalmology and otology from 1863 to the present-40 years.

Professors William H. Welch and William Osler are veteran teachers, the former beginning in 1879 as Professor of Pathological Anatomy and General Pathology in Bellevue Hospital Medical College and at present Professor of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University. Professor Osler began in 1874 as Professor of the Institutes of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, taught Clinical Medicine in the University of Pennsylvania, 1884-89, now Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University.

In regard to the past history of Albany Medical College, New York, it should be said that Alden March, M. D., LL. D., was professor of surgery from its beginning, in 1839, to the time of his death, in 1869-30 years-and Dr. Albert Vander Veer was his successor in the same chair from 1869 to the present time -34 years and is the oldest medical teacher now connected with that college.

At the medical department of Syracuse University, New York, established in 1872, Dr. John Van Duyn has been pro

fessor of anatomy and subsequently of surgery, with a service from the beginning of the institution till the present time-30 years. Dr. H. D. Didama has been associated with this college also from the beginning, 20 years as professor of the science and art of medicine, and 12 years as dean, with some clinical teachings-30 years-and is still teaching, aged 79 years. Dr. John Van Duyn has been professor in this college for 30 years, first of anatomy and subsequently of surgery, which last chair he still holds.

The medical department of the University of Buffalo was established in 1846, and Matthew D. Mann, A. M., M. D., professor of obstetrics and gynecology, has retained his position the longest of any professor connected with this institution, who is now living, having been installed in 1882-20 years ago. Since 1846, there have been 32 professors of that college. Those who have served 20 years or more are as follows: James P. White, obstetrics, 1846-1881, 35 years; George Hadley, chemistry and pharmacy, 1846-1878, 32 years; Charles A. Lee, materia medica, 1846-1870, 24 years; Edward M. Moore, surgery, 1852-1882, 30 years; Thomas F. Rochester, principles and practice of medicine, 1853-1887, 34 years; William H. Mason, physiology, 1861-1886, 25 years, and Matthew D. Mann, 1882-1902, 20 years. The remaining 25 professors, and among them were men of great distinction, such as Drs. Austin Flint, senior and junior, Frank Hamilton, John C. Dalton, Roswell Park and others, served as teachers in the Buffalo School for nine years each, on an average.

It might be just and proper to add that Professors Flint, Hamilton and Dalton transferred their distinguished labors to the medical colleges of the east, where, beside continuing their work as lecturers, they became the authors of standard medical works upon the various subjects pertaining to their special lines of teaching. They have all rounded out their professional lives with services lasting from twenty to thirty years.

Of all the states located in the great Mississippi valley, Kentucky was the pioneer in regard to medical education. It was in the summer of 1817, that Drs. B. W. Dudley, Daniel Drake, W. H. Richardson, James Overton and James Blythe were elected professors in the medical department of Transylvania University. It was a faculty of great ability, and subsequently became of national distinction. Such men as Daniel Drake, B. W. Dudley,

Charles Caldwell and their associates made Lexington the medical emporium of the western states. Cincinnati, St. Louis and New Orleans had not, as yet, attained any celebrity as places either of letters or of business. Finally, however, this state of things became reversed. To maintain Kentucky's high position in the scale of medical education, it was found necessary to change the location of her Transylvania School to Louisville. By the active efforts of the above named worthies and other like spirits, and the kindly co-operation of Louisville capitalists, the old medical school was removed to the last named city. A new organization was affected with a faculty consisting of Charles Caldwell, professor institutes; Esten Cook, of theory and practice; L. P. Yandell, of chemistry; Henry Miller, of obstetrics, and Joshua Flint, in the chair of anatomy and surgery. In 1845, this medical institution was merged into the University of Louisville, and the additional names of Professors Elisha Bartlett, of practice; Benjamin Silliman, of Chemistry; Samuel D. Gross, of surgery; Lewis Rogers, of materia medica, and David W. Yandell, appeared in the body of instructors, many of whom having served from 20 to 30 years. These celebrities each became a power in the ranks of medical teachers in this country. Some of them were extraordinarily fine lecturers. I well remember having heard Professor D. W. Yandell deliver a beautiful and forcible extemporaneous address, or what might properly be styled an oration, on the subject of medical education, more than half a century ago, before the American Medical Association. I recollect that he and Professor M. B. Wright, of Cincinnati, were the most elegant and eloquent speakers in that august body. We cannot here give the exact terms of these last named veteran public teachers' official service, but will close our notice of the Kentucky schools by stating, that among their living teachers of medicine, Professor J. M. Bodine has held his chair for the longest time. He has delivered 40 full courses in anatomy and has conducted the clinics of diseases of the eye, ear, nose and throat, for a great number of years, and is now half way through with his forty-first year in anatmoy, and he has held the office of dean longer than any other man ever did in any medical college in the United States.

The member of the medical faculty of the University of Michigan who served the longest was Dr. Corydon L. Ford, pro