CHAPTER XIV

HOPEFUL NEW AGENCIES FOR PEACE

BENEFACTORS OF THE PEACE MOVEMENT

N 1896, Alfred Nobel of Sweden, the inventor of dynamite, died, leaving a provision that most of his great fortune should go to establish five annual prizes, amounting to nearly forty thousand dollars each, to be given to such persons as had done the most important work for literature, chemistry, physics, medicine, and peace. The first four prizes are awarded by the Swedish authorities, the peace prize by a committee appointed by the Norwegian Storthing. A Nobel Institute was established in Christiania, whither the winner of the peace prize each year is to repair and deliver an address. The provision for a peace prize was due to the influence of Nobel's friend, Baroness von Suttner of Vienna, author of Lay Down Your Arms, a book translated into many languages, which with her many other writings and addresses have made her a leading factor in the peace movement for the last thirty years. The list of recipients of the Nobel peace prizes

are:

1901. H. Dunant, founder of the Red Cross Society, and Frederic Passy of Paris, Nestor

of the peace movement.

1902. E. Ducommun and A. Gobat, successive secretaries of the International Peace Bureau at Berne.

1903. W. Randall Cremer, founder of the InterParliamentary Union.

1904.

1905.

1906.

Institute of International Law.

The Baroness von Suttner.

Theodore Roosevelt.

1907. L. Renault of France and E. T. Moneta of

Italy.

1908. K. P. Arnoldson of Sweden and Frederick Bajer of Denmark.

1909. M. A. Beernaert of Belgium and Baron d'Estournelles de Constant of France.

1910. The International Peace Bureau.

1911. T. M. C. Asser of Holland and Alfred Fried of Vienna, editor of the Friedenswarte.

Never perhaps has so great a cause struggled with so slight material support as the peace cause during the last century. Only in this latest time have generous friends come forward with financial assistance in some degree commensurate with the needs of the movement.

The first man to pledge a large amount to the propagandism of peace was Mr. Edwin Ginn, the well-known publisher of Boston. In November, 1910, his "World Peace Foundation," previously known as the "International School of Peace," was incorporated, with provision for $50,000 a

year and an ultimate endowment of $1,000,000. It has a strong body of trustees and able directors. President David Starr Jordan of Leland Stanford University is one of the directors. The managing director is Edwin D. Mead. This Foundation publishes the International Library, the most important series of peace books now existing, and multitudes of pamphlets. It addresses itself broadly to the educational side of peace work. It is organising a department for special work in colleges and universities; it aids the School Peace League; and it co-operates with the movements among students. Dr. Nasmyth's splendid work in the European universities is sustained by it. It provides for lectures in schools, colleges, and churches; it maintains a special department for work among the women's organisations of the country; and it supplies much material for the press and for all classes of peace workers.

Mr. Ginn's endowment was followed in December, 1910, by the announcement of a gift by Andrew Carnegie of $10,000,000 to establish the

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace." This gift followed Mr. Carnegie's previous gifts of $1,500,000 for the Peace Palace at The Hague, of $5,000,000 for Heroes of Peace in America, $1,250,000 in Great Britain, $1,000,000 in France, $1,250,000 in Germany, and $1,790,000 in smaller countries for the same purpose. Mr. Carnegie also gave $850,000 for the building and beautification of the grounds of the Pan-American Union in

Washington, and $100,000 for the erection of the Central American Court in Costa Rica. It should also be remembered that Mr. Carnegie, at the time of our paying Spain $20,000,000 as a quitclaim for the Philippines, in his strong desire to prevent us from adopting the imperial policy and demanding sovereignty over an unwilling people, offered to pay the $20,000,000 himself if we would leave the Filipinos independent. The government's refusal ended in war and the killing of more Filipinos than Spain had killed in its three hundred years of domination.

The headquarters of the Carnegie Endowment are in Washington. The twenty-seven able business men and statesmen whom Mr. Carnegie appointed, with Senator Root as chairman, have elected Dr. James Brown Scott, formerly of the State Department, as secretary and director of its department of international law. The director of its department of economics and history is Professor John B. Clarke of Columbia University. In August, 1911, Professor Clarke convened in Berne, Switzerland, a conference of eighteen economists of different countries, including the former minister of state for the treasury of Japan. An Austrian economist was chosen chairman; and three lines of investigation were marked out, the first ever attempted on the basis of international co-operation. Commission I. will deal with the causes and effects of wars. Its inquiries will be made into the protectionist policy; international