who since 1906 has been Director-General of the Pan-American Union, during which time the correspondence and publications of the Union have increased tenfold. The monthly magazine, published in two editions, one in English for circulation in the United States, the other in Spanish, Portuguese, and French sections for circulation in South America and Europe, is a constant revelation of a new world of marvellous interest to every student of human progress. The Columbus Library, housed in the capacious new building in Washington, comprises 20,000 volumes upon the republics; these, with daily newspapers, monthly reviews, maps, gazettes, and monographs, furnish a mine of information and, together with the constant work of all the officials, serve to create a mighty influence to bring about that mutual understanding which is essential to the justice that produces peace.

The Union has led to the improvement of passenger service in steamship lines to South America, has increased travel, and has started the study in many educational institutions of Spanish and Portuguese and of Latin-American economic, industrial, and political conditions. From time to time special representatives are sent throughout the twenty-one republics to collect the latest information. The magnificent Washington structure, largely the gift of Mr. Andrew Carnegie, is placed in spacious grounds, which are eventually to be transformed into beautiful gardens with

pools of water illumined at night by phosphorescent glow; and, dominating all, irradiated by light, will stand the statue of Universal Peace.

In July, 1911, there was held in London, at the suggestion of Dr. Felix Adler, one of the most remarkable assemblies that ever met in human history, known as the Universal Races Congress. This Congress included representatives of over forty races and nationalities, and was presided over by Lord Weardale. About twelve hundred members, each paying a guinea, attended the eight sessions and brilliant social functions, and each received a copy of the volume of 450 pages on Inter-Racial Problems which contained the valuable collection of scientific papers prepared by the invited speakers. German professors and high-bred English women, Americans, and other representatives of the white races sat down to luncheon with men and women of all degrees of colour. Learned Brahmins, an American Indiana graduate of Dartmouth College-Cambridge professors, London and Paris economists, cultivated negroes from America and South Africa, Turks, Egyptians, Persians, Chinese diplomats, Hungarians, Russians,—men and women from all lands, including one handsome Maori,-here commingled as friends and neighbours, all intent on one great problem-to promote good-will and solve the problems of race intercourse due to man's ignorance and prejudice. The Roosevelt professor at Berlin discussed "Geographic, Political, and

Economic Conditions"; and among other subjects were "Miscegenation," "International Law and Subject Races," "Traffic in Intoxicants and Opium," and various aspects of international, economic, and peace problems. This remarkable gathering is doubtless destined to prove the first of many triennial or quadrennial conferences which will focus the minds of scholars the world over on some of the most difficult problems which tradition and prejudice have rendered still more difficult of solution. It was hoped that one of the first steps in showing how people of culture and goodwill may transcend race prejudice in common intercourse would be the establishment in London, New York, and other great centres of an international hostel or cosmopolitan club, where people of all races, with proper credentials, would be welcomed and where distinguished foreigners would be entertained. Such centres would be potent agencies for bringing home to the representatives of the various peoples their interdependence and for promoting their influential co-operation.

CHAPTER IV

"DON'T

MAKERS OF MILITARISM

ON'T you think that you put too high a value on human life?" asked a newspaper reporter some years ago, after listening to an address given by the writer. "Only the valuation which the courts of our country give," was the reply, "which makes the murder of even one black baby a capital crime before the law."

As one reads frequently in nearly every newspaper the headline, "War Game," and sees how the ghastly science of killing human beings is treated by the press as if it were football, one is appalled at the effect which the power of suggestion must have over the minds of the youth, whose fathers, twenty-five years ago, knew nothing of "war games" and were not afraid when we had no navy, or but a very small one.

Granted that some slaughter of human beings has been necessary in the past, and that there is still a possibility of our again fighting a foreign foe, is not the press of the country largely responsible for creating the psychological conditions that breed war and make it alluring, when, instead of as

war practice" or "war study," they treat the whole thing as a game, or show, or sport? Doubtless the sheriff, who is to execute a murderer, must practise with his gallows to enable him to slip the noose perfectly; but we put no glamour over this, and our children do not play at hangings. But when we prepare to kill en masse, and it is not a question of killing a criminal, who is a menace to society, but of killing thousands of men who are patriotically serving their country according to their light, as our soldiers are serving our country, then the spectators are moved to hilarity and amusement; bayonet practice, the stabbing of imaginary heads and breasts and legs with the deadly steel, is surrounded with the glamour of a game.

Of late the interest in target practice is increased by firing at sham figures of men with movable limbs like jumping-jacks. In England the power of suggestion is adduced by one writer as having great results in the Aldershot practice manoeuvres when the combatants referred to each other as Germans. "Is n't that rather an ill-considered custom?" an officer was asked. "Is n't it calculated to stir up bad blood and encourage hatred?” "I don't know as to that," he replied, "but it certainly is calculated to get the keenest sort of work out of them. They're lazy beggars unless we set 'em on the Germans; then you should see 'em.

During the last sixty years we have fought with a foreign power only six months. We have never been attacked by any foreign power since we