had planned the entire performance. His cares, whatever they might be, never travelled with him, nor were reflected in his face. However severe a loss he might have sustained, that was business, and never a mention of it in his home or to his friends or business associates. Having shaken off the incubus from himself he would not place it upon his wife or children. How many men, keyed up all day in the office, go home at night and relieve themselves there of their nervousness and ill-humor by communicating the same to the members of the household! It might be inferred from this that Captain Simpson was secretive. On the contrary, it was observed among his associates in business that he would talk openly about his affairs, not caring who heard him, and that he suspected any enterprise that required secrecy for its promotion, and would have nothing to do with it. He was open and above-board in all his transactions. He remarked more than once that there was absolutely nothing in his private enterprises, his office books and papers, that the public were not welcome to inspect if they desired to do so. It was related of him that he had never written a letter in his life that he would be ashamed or annoy ed to see published in a newspaper. His character was simplicity itself; for this very reason many failed to comprehend him.

Such is the shallowness or precipitancy with which men ordinarily judge one another, that he who hides nothing is supposed to have everything to conceal, that he is often confounded with those who are the personification of craftiness and indirection. We jump at conclusions regarding our neighbor from the most superficial and unreliable evidence. If he is frugal, we say he is close; if we do not know that he gives, we say he is uncharitable; if he works hard and incessantly, and becomes rich, we say money is his god. Captain Simpson was one of the most retiring and modest men, unobtrusive and averse to notoriety of any sort. How readily might his fru

gality in all things regarding himself be set down against him as penuriousness, his generous gifts be uncredited because unpublished, the whole motive of his labor ascribed to greed of gain. Yet it was the least of his ambitions to get rich. He toiled because he was impelled to do so, and because from long habit it had become his second nature to work. He would have been restless if not occupied. The spirit of his energy was the love of progress and improvement. Idleness, which is synonymous with retrogression, he could not have endured, yet he was not a slave to business. He was endowed with a faculty that many ambitious men fail to utilize, or else do not possess; that is, common sense. Perhaps this was his distinguishing talent and his philosophy. His life and character, which I have studied closely from authentic data, are of peculiar and substantial interest at every point. The good to be derived from the study of his conduct is readily suggested by this outline of the salient features of his career and personality.

It should teach young men who have their own way to make, the value of industry and perseverance, temperance and economy, courage and integrity. These homely virtues are the basis of all manly worth. They are the essentials of character. Put into loyal practice, they insure whatever is consistent with rational desire. They are a guarantee of personal independence, without which life is a failure.

Perhaps he was not sufficiently discriminating in his judgment, and was too trustful of others who were not worthy of his confidence, and involved him sometimes in loss. Life is warfare. There are destructive elements in man, as in nature; shoals and false lights among tradesmen as well as at sea. Our own advantage and the general good require that legitimacy shall be vigilant in order that illegitimacy shall not prevail.

Captain Simpson, though a patron of the clubs, visited them only occasionally. His chief comfort,

business apart, was in the society of his family. He was essentially a home man. To his own household,

so it is related, he was a succession of surprises. Regarding things he had not been suspected of observing or studying, his knowledge, brought out by the occasion, was as unexpected as agreeable. His care and affection, manifested at every turn for those near to him, were only the spontaneous expression of his sympathetic nature, the tenderness of which seemed too great ever to be overtaxed.

He married in 1875 at Racine, Wisconsin, Sophie Dwight Smith, daughter of Eldad Smith, formerly of Boston, and Harriet (Underwood) Smith of Vermont. Miss Smith's father, who was in comfortable circumstances, gave her the opportunity, of which she availed herself thoroughly, to acquire a good education in English, French, and music. Ambitious to be allowed the privilege of self-support, she prevailed upon her parents to consent that she should come to the Pacific coast and teach. Without an acquaintance on the steamer, and having only a letter of introduction to the captain, she made the trip by way of Panamá to San Francisco alone. Her courage

and intelligence, however, commended her directly to persons of character and standing among strangers. She gave private lessons in Portland, for a year and a half, and afterward at Milbrae, California. Her labors as a teacher were attended with gratifying results. Several of the young ladies whom she taught are women of sound education, and have become the wives of men of note. Of sterling character, refined and sympathetic, a woman as lovely in person as in christian traits, fitted to supplement her husband in all good works in her sphere, it need hardly be said that her children are such as parents may justly be proud of. The eldest of them is Louis Jerome, born September 1, 1877; the others, in the order of their ages, Edgar Mead, Edith, and Henry Wyer.

C. B.-IV. 29

CHAPTER XIX,

MANUFACTURES-CALIFORNIA.

MISSION MANUFACTURES-ARTISANS FROM THE UNITED STATES-MACHINERY REQUIRED FOR MINING AND AGRICULTURE-RESULTS OF NECES SITIES EARLY OBSTACLES AND FAILURES-FLOUR-MILLS-CANNERIES -BREWING AND DISTILLING-FISHERIES-CALIFORNIA INVENTIONSSHIP-BUILDING-FURNITURE-IRON FOUNDRIES-OTHER METAL WORKS JEWELRY, BRICK, STONE, GLASS, POWDER, FIREWORKS, AND MATCHES -MINING REQUIREMENTS-TYPE, PAPER, AND PRINTING-TANNERIES AND LEATHER WORK-SOAP, OIL, AND PAINTS-WOOLEN, COTTON, AND SILK WORKS-MECHANICS' FAIRS.

WITH the entry of the friars into California came artisans to teach the neophytes different handicrafts, as carpentry and blacksmithing; to weave from the short wool of the imported sheep coarse blankets and other fabrics; to tan hides and convert them into shoes, saddles, and other articles, to prepare soap and bake coarse pottery, and to grind flour with stones turned by horse or hand power, most of it being ground by the women on the metate. Many of these arts were acquired by the aborigines as servants among the settlers, only a few being reserved entirely for white men as building boats and repairing arms.

The colonists were too indolent and indifferent to engage in anything beyond the indispensable occupations connected with the simplest social economy, and no sooner did trading vessels gain access to the coast than many of the crafts, like weaving, tanning, and soap-making, fell into decline, since much better goods could be obtained by bartering hides and tallow. Thus trade came to check the industrial revival inaugurated at the close of the preceding century by the

enterprise of Governor Borica, and the example set by the Russians in later years served merely to direct additional trade to Fort Ross. The windmills which were used there for grinding flour and lifting water were admired but never imitated by the Mexicans.

The first real manufacturing efforts came from the inflowing foreign immigrants, who opened tanneries, whip-saw pits and boat-building yards. In 1843 S. Smith bought the first steam machinery for a saw and grist-mill at Bodega, and other settlers built watermills of similar character, the largest establishments of the kind being those of John A. Sutter, in course of construction on the American river when the gold fever burst upon the country. This portentous incident gave rise to a host of industries, to meet not alone the demand for lumber, flour, fish, and other necessaries, but to supply wagons and vessels for the increasing traffic, implements for mining, and other aids to progress.

The country was little prepared for such an awakening, hampered as it was by novel features and conditions and high wages. Nevertheless there remained decided advantages in the long distance from superior sources for supplies, round Cape Horn and the Isthmus, which involved loss of time and high freights, particularly on bulky and dangerous articles. The large amount of repairs sufficed to give a footing to many enterprises, and so to strengthen their means, capacity, and skill as to permit in due time the acceptance of large orders and the preparation of

stock.

The self-reliant American undertook with characteristic energy and originality to adapt himself to the altered circumstances and to overcome the obstacles with new appliances. Thus, in mining, methods were evolved of such importance and scope as to revolutionize the industry, and extend operations to unparalleled magnitude. From the pan and rocker grew the tom, which again unfolded into the sluice, rein