his brothers. He suffered a severe misfortune by a fire in Görnitz, which, in his absence, burnt the parsonage, destroying not only his worldly property, but his intellectual treasures—his library and many valuable manuscripts. He had only sixty thalers left in money. A second was being plundered by the Cossacks a few days before the battle of Leipzig. His age, however, was entirely cheerful and happy. He wrote, "I can wish you no better wish than that God may grant you such an old age as mine has hitherto been. I am healthy, can work eighty-three hours a week, and am commonly as fresh at ten at night as I was in the morning. I often write on Sundays, even in the short winter days, thirteen hours, without spectacles and without fatigue. My superiors, in both consistory and civil government, comply with all my reasonable wishes. My pupils still love the old man who sometimes forgets the difference in their ages. Good teachers see me coming with pleasure; and lazy ones fear me, as an appointer of substitutes, and get the 'inspection-fever.' Without being actually rich, I have enough, and have always something for others; and I look fearlessly upon death, having hopes for the future." So strong an old man might have looked forward to an age of eighty or ninety years; but Providence had determined otherwise. During a tour of inspection, in the spring of 1831, in which he exerted himself as much as usual, he caught a fatal cold, under the result of which he sank, May 29, 1831. His unexpected death was much lamented throughout Germany; for he was yet capable of much more usefulness, and was rather a citizen of all Germany than of any one nation in it. Even his adversaries were obliged to confess that in him was lost one of the most active, learned, and skillful educators and teachers of the world; who labored unweariedly for the realization of his great ideas, and worked as long as his day lasted. His memory will be revered as long as education and instruction shall be recognized as the first blessings of the human race. IV. STUDENT SOCIETIES IN THE GERMAN UNIVERSITIES. THE following article, with the exception of the first page, is made up of documents illustrative of the history of the Burschenschaft and other Student Societies in the German Universities, and constitutes Appendix Nos. III. to VIII. of Raumer's History of these Institutions, as translated for this Journal, Numbers xvi. and xvii. "Bursa: 1. Purse, bourse; from the Greek of ẞúpoa, a hide, because they were made of leather. Jo. de Garlandia gives, as synonyms, ' marsupium, bursa, forulus, locusque, crumena.' "2. Chest, raptiov, casket; but, more properly, a box for a specified purpose. In these bursa or chests were deposited sums set apart for the support of scholars, or given by pious men for that purpose.t Bursarius: One who receives an allowance from a bursa; also, applied to such scholars in the universities as are allowed, on account of poverty, certain amounts from the chest set apart for that purpose, to enable them to complete their studies." (Dufresne.) Chrysander wrote a treatise, "Why Students at the Universities are called Burschen. Rinteln, 1751." I extract the following from it: "The chest from which poor students were supported at the Sorbonne was called Bursa, and such students, Bursii or Bursarii, Boursier. 'A Boursier was a poor scholar or student, supported by the Bursa of his college. The others, who supported themselves at the university of Paris by their own means, were called Studiosi, students.'" Hence the term was introduced to Germany. In Italy, however, the students were called Bursati, because they were girded with a bursa or purse. Hence the stanza: "Dum mea bursa sonat, Hospes mihi fercula donat. Hospes mihi ostia monstrat." That is: "While my purse tinkles, the host gives me delicacies; but when it is empty he shows me the door." A similar French stanza is: "Quand ma bourse fait, bim, bim, bim, Tout le monde est mon cousin; Mais quand elle fait da, da, da, Tout le monde dit, Tu t'en va"‡ The French Boursiers seem to correspond to the poor students of Germany, and the Italian Bursati to the rich ones. * See an article entitled "Signification of 'Bursch' and 'Burschenschaft,'" in the Academical Monthly, May and June, 1853, p. 252. + Merchants' purses were also called Bursa. This stanza is quoted by the pseudonymous Schlingschlangschlorum. Sco note, under chapter on "Personal Relations between Professors and Students." IV. COMMENTS OF LANDSMANNSCHAFTEN. Extract from Comment of Landsmannschaft at —f (Altdorf ?), as in force in 1815.* GENERAL PROVISIONS. § 1. The Societies bind themselves to put the present Comment into operation from the moment of its ratification, and to enforce the penalties fixed therein. § 2. If occasions shall arise for which the present Burschen-Comment does not provide, or if additional statutes are to be enacted, or if there is any occasion for a general council, two deputies are to be appointed from each Society, who shall exchange with each other the sentiments of the Societies; of which two, one, at least, must be an Old Bursch. The majority of voices, or in case of a tie, the lot, shall determine the result. 3. The Societies bind themselves not to permit this code to come into the hands of a renouncer; but to cite its provisions, when necessary, only as if by oral tradition, and without giving any other source for them than general custom. TITLE I.-RELATIONS OF THE SOCIETIES TO EACH OTHER AND TO RENOUNCERS. A.-Societies to each other. § 4. Existing Societies ratifying this Comment, mutually guarantee to each other their existence as at present. 5. No Society not now existing can be organized without the consent of those existing; nor can any existing Society be extinguished without the consent of all the existing Societies, or without sufficient and proved reasons. Nor can any new Society organize itself under the name of an existing Society. § 6. All the Societies have equal rights. § 7. In case of collisions between them, as, for instance, in differences for precedence, the major vote of the deputies, or the lot, in case of a tie, shall determine. B.-Between the Societies and Renouncers. § 8. Every student, not a member of a Society, is a Renouncer. 9. In case of doubt, the student shall be considered a Renouncer. 10. Renouncers can enter only the Society of their countrymen; but if there is no such, they may enter any other existing one which is undetermined. Novel: but he shall not be recognized as such member by the other societies until so recognized by a major vote of the Convention of Seniors. § 11. On public festival occasions, the Societies shall be governed by the directory. § 12. Members of a Society have, everywhere, precedence over Renouncers. TITLE II.-DISTINCTIONS AMONG STUDENTS. a.-According to Birthplace. § 13. A Pavement-beater (Pflastertreter), or Quark, is one whose parents live in the university town. 14. A Cummin-Turk (Kümmelturk) is one whose parents reside within four miles of the university town. b.-According to length of stay at the University. 15. From the moment of matriculation, every matriculated student is a student qualified to fight. 16. A Fox is one who a. Has not yet been half a year at the university since his matriculation; or, b. Comes from a university which the Burschen of the present university have degraded to the rank of Fox. 17. A Brander or Brand-Fox is a Fox after his first half-year. *Haupt, p. 185. The Novels or additions to this code are dated June 15, 1815. Haupt, p. 203. THE following article, with the exception up of documents illustrative of the history of other Student Societies in the German Univ Appendix Nos. III. to VIII. of Raumer's Histor as translated for this Journal, Numbers xvi. and 1 III. BURSARIES. BURSCHEN.* "Bursa: 1. Purse, bourse; from the Greek of ẞúpoa, a made of leather. Jo. de Garlandia gives, as synonyms, mar locusque, crumena.' 6 "2. Chest, raptiov, casket; but, more properly, a box for a s these bursa or chests were deposited sums set apart for the su given by pious men for that purpose.t Bursarius: One who re from a bursa; also, applied to such scholars in the universities account of poverty, certain amounts from the chest set apart for enable them to complete their studies." (Dufresne.) Chrysander wrote a treatise, "Why Students at the Universities chen. Rinteln, 1751." I extract the following from it: "The chest from which poor students were supported at the Sorbo Bursa, and such students, Bursii or Bursarii, Boursier. A Boursie scholar or student, supported by the Bursa of his college. The other ported themselves at the university of Paris by their own means, were diosi, students.'" Hence the term was introduced to Germany. In Italy, however, the students were called Bursati, because they we with a bursa or purse. Hence the stanza: "Dum mea bursa sonat, Hospes mihi fercula donat. That is: "While my purse tinkles, the host gives me delicacies; but when empty he shows me the door." A similar French stanza is: "Quand ma bourse fait, bim, bim, bim, Tout le monde est mon cousin; Mais quand elle fait da, da, da, Tout le monde dit, Tu t'en va."‡ The French Boursiers seem to correspond to the poor students of Germany, and the Italian Bursati to the rich ones. * See an article entitled "Signification of 'Bursch' and 'Burschenschaft,'" in the Academical Monthly, May and June, 1853, p. 252. + Merchants' purses were also called Bursa. This stanza is quoted by the pseudonymous Schlingschlangschlorum. Sco note, under chapter on "Personal Relations between Professors and Students." -tinguishing tokens, the term "dishonorable," the former berable. highest verbal insult of "foolish fellow" (Dummer Junge), insult, or only threatening to inflict a similar verbal insult, the party insulting is ready to fight. on which is demanded, or not knowing and seeking how term "foolish fellow." matters relating to the Burschen: as, for instance, by adent. (!!!) f a great (!) piece of cheating at play. ✓ free from the obligations of this Comment. (!) rse with any dishonored person, except when Society. 1 with the hand. 1, as a broadsword against a rapier; or to thrust with a broadsword. the seconds have called Halt! straight sword or a Jena rapier. > only. 3. |