CHAPTER IX. FOUNDING OF MARYLAND AND DELAWARE. 137. THE territory now called Maryland was included in the charter granted to the London company in 1609. William Clayborne, a surveyor, was sent out to make a map of the country, and was allowed a patent for trading with the Indians. In 1632, George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, obtained from King James a charter for a large tract on the Potomac, which had reverted to the crown. This enterprising man had expended a large sum without success in an attempt to plant a colony on Newfoundland. He had then turned his attention to Virginia, but was there met with a religious test in the form of an oath, which, as a Roman Catholic, he could not take. 138. As truly democratic in politics as he was liberal in his religious views, Lord Baltimore determined to provide an asylum where men of all creeds might enjoy liberty in its perfection. He took care to have this guarantied in his charter. A majority of the freemen, or their representatives, were to make the laws. The colony was to be entirely free from English taxation, and from all interference on the part of the king. Christianity was to be the basis of the laws, but all sects were to be treated alike. Lord Baltimore agreed to pay the king a yearly rent of two Indian arrows and onefifth of whatever gold and silver he should find, and named his new territory MARYLAND, in honor of Queen Henrietta Maria. 139. Lord Baltimore did not live to plant a colony under this admirable charter; but his son Cecil [se-sil] Calvert succeeded to his rights, and sent out his brother Leonard 187. To whom was the territory now called Maryland originally granted? Who was sent out to make a map of it? In 1632, who obtained a charter for a tract on the Po tomac? Where had Lord Baltimore previously tried to found colonies? 188. What was his character? Mention some of the chief provisions of his charter? What rent was he to pay? What did he name this tract, and from whom? 139. What became of 1634] CLAYBORNE'S REBELLION. 93 with about 200 emigrants, mostly Roman Catholics and men of standing. They entered Chesapeake Bay early in 1634, sailed up the Potomac, and, having bought some land from the Indians, built the little village of St. Mary's. The infant colony flourished, as it deserved to do by the freedom of its institutions and the justice with which its founders treated the natives. Its sole enemy was Clayborne, who had established two independent trading-posts, and refused to acknowledge Lord Baltimore's authority. A collision ensued, which resulted in the defeat of Clayborne, who fled to Virginia and was thence sent to England. Assemblies were held, which enacted various wholesome laws in harmony with the liberal character of the charter. At first every freeman had the right to attend and vote; but when this was found inconvenient, the Assembly was made to consist of representatives chosen by the people. Peace and prosperity reigned till 1642, when a short Indian war occurred. Hardly had it terminated, when Clayborne, who had found his way back to the new world, ex cited a rebellion, and drove Gov. Calvert from the province. In 1646, Calvert returned with troops from Virginia, and suppressed the insurrection. A general pardon was proclaimed, and order was restored. 140. Leonard Calvert died in 1647. During the troubles which followed the execution of Charles I. in England, several governors were successively appointed; and for a time the power was divided between two opposing sets of authorities, Roman Catholic and Protestant. In 1660, Philip Calvert was recognized by all parties as governor. The population of Maryland at this time is estimated at 10,000. 141. The colony of DELAWARE originated in the desire of Gustavus [gus-tah'-vus] Adolphus, the greatest of Swedish kings, to advance the Protestant religion, and the interests. Lord Baltimore? Who succeeded to his charter? Give an account of the first settlement. Who was the only enemy of the infant colony? What became of Clayborne ? What was done by the early Assemblies? How were these Assemblies composed? In 1642, what happened? Relate the history of Clayborne's insurrection. 140. Leonard Calvert die? Give the subsequent history of the colony till 1660. Its population about this time? 141. What was the origin of Delaware? When did What was What pre of his nation in the new world. A charter was granted to a company in 1626, and a few Swedes came over the following year. A war, however, arose, which engrossed the attention of Gustavus, and he fell on the field of Lutzen [loot'zen] without carrying his scheme into execution. Yet it was not forgotten. Through the efforts of the wise statesman Oxenstiern [ox'-en-steern], a company of Swedes and Finns was sent over in 1638, under, Peter Min'-u-its, who had previously been in the service of the Dutch. They arrived in Delaware Bay, bought a tract from the natives, to which they gave the name of New Sweden, and built Fort Christiana, near the present site of Wilmington, calling it in honor of the young queen of Sweden. The colony flourished, reinforcements came over, and another settlement was made on a spot now embraced in the suburbs of Philadelphia. ous eyes. 142. The Dutch looked on this Swedish colony with jealSome years before its arrival, a body of men had been sent out from New Amsterdam to settle this region; but quarrels arose, and the whole party was cut off by Indians. On this the Dutch founded a claim to the country; and in 1651 they built a fort at Newcastle [new'-cas-sel], within five miles of Christiana. Resolved to prevent such encroachments, the settlers of New Sweden attacked and destroyed the fort. In revenge for this injury, Stuyvesant [sti'-ve-sant], then governor of New Netherlands, with more than 600 men, invaded their country, subjected it to Hol land, and put an end to Swedish power in America. New Sweden at this time contained about 700 colonists. They remained quietly under the sway of the Dutch, and with the Dutch in 1664 passed under the dominion of the English. Who did carry them out? vented Gustavus Adolphus from carrying out his plans? 1621] NEW NETHERLANDS UNDER MINUITS. 95 CHAPTER X. NEW NETHERLANDS, FROM 1621 TO 1664.-FOUNDING of new JERSEY. 143. THE Dutch West India Company, in 1621, obtained from the government of Holland a grant of nearly the whole African coast and all the countries they might conquer in America, for the purposes of trade and colonization. Of this extensive territory, New Netherlands, embracing the valley of the Mauritius [mau-rish'-us] River (as the Hudson was then called), seemed the most important, and to it the company gave their chief attention. Peter Minuits was the first governor. He came over in 1625, and bought the whole island of Manhattan from the Indians for $24. Friendly courtesies were interchanged with the Plymouth Colony. A brisk trade in furs was carried on, and the capture of such Spanish vessels as approached the harbor was a further source of profit. New Amsterdam (such, it will be remembered, was then the name of New York) grew apace. This was the day of "hunters and traders, otter and beaver skins, straw roofs, wooden chimneys, and windmills". The Dutch spread out over Long Island, Staten Island, and New Jersey. Wherever the soil was good or beaver were abundant, thrifty Hollanders settled, buying their land honorably from the Indians for knives, beads, or wampum. To encourage immigration, the company offered every man who in four years would plant a colony of fifty souls, a tract sixteen miles in length, of which, after buying the right of the Indians, he should be "patroon," or lord. Godyn [go-dine'], Van Rensselaer [van ren-se-ler], and others availed themselves of this offer. 144. Meanwhile the Indians, excited by the rum obtained 143. In 1621, what extensive grant did the Dutch West India Company obtain? To what region 'did they give the most attention? Who was the first governor? What did he pay for Manhattan Island? What sources of profit did the Dutch find? Describe New Amsterdam at this time. Where did the Dutch settlements spread? How did the Dutch obtain their lands? How did the company encourage immigra- 、 tion? Who availed themselves of this offer? 144. Give an account of the difficulties from white traders, committed various trespasses, which the Dutch in turn punished severely. This roused the Indians to vengeance, and in 1640 they attacked a settlement on Staten Island. The next year, a Hollander was killed at Manhattan, by an Indian who had vowed to revenge the murder of his uncle ten years before. In 1642, a Hackensack warrior who had been made drunk and then robbed by the colonists, on returning to a sense of his injury, killed two of the Dutch. When satisfaction was demanded, thenatives offered to pay 200 fathoms of wampum, but refused to give up the guilty party, on the ground that the Dutch had themselves provoked the act. Just at this time a band of river Indians, driven by the Mohawks, took refuge on the bank of the Hudson opposite Manhattan, and solicited the aid of the Dutch. Instead of granting the desired assistance, Kieft [keeft], who was then governor, sent a party of his countrymen across the river at the dead of night, to butcher the helpless and unsuspecting savages. Mothers and children, old and sick, shared the same cruel fate. Such as escaped the knife were driven from the cliffs and perished in the freezing river. Nearly a hundred fell by this wicked. attack. A desperate and bloody war was the result. The Red Men cried for vengeance from the Jersey shore to the Connecticut, and many a pale-face suffered for the doings of that night. The Indians drew no distinction between innocent and guilty; and among other victims of their revenge was Mrs. Hutchinson, who, as we have seen, had fled from the Massachusetts Colony and found refuge in Rhode Island. In this war several powerful tribes united, and it was feared at one time that every Hollander would be swept from the country. But Roger Williams, whose great influence with the Indians was always exerted in behalf of peace, succeeded in persuading the exasperated warriors to bury which arose between the Dutch and the Indians. What satisfaction did the Indians offer? Just at this time what happened? How was the request of the river Indians met by Kieft and his countrymen? What ensued? Who perished in this war? What was at one time feared? Who succeeded in appeasing the Indians for a time? On the |