the German peoples included: for the rights of nations great and small and the ld be privilege of men everywhere to choose their way of life and of obedience. if it lif The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon ance ex the tested foundations of political liberty. We have no selfish ends to serve. is a We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities for ourselves, we per no material compensation for the sacrifices we shall freely make. We are but ry tr one of the champions of the rights of mankind. We shall be satisfied when ful those rights have been made as secure as the faith and the freedom of nations iizatio can make them. pea

Just because we fight without rancor and without selfish object, seeking rest nothing for ourselves but what we shall wish to share with all free peoples, we only t shall, I feel confident, conduct our operations as belligerents without passionsmall and ourselves observe with proud punctilio the principles of right and of fair ples play we profess to be fighting for.

self at

I have said nothing of the governments allied with the Imperial Govern- ryth ment of Germany because they have not made war upon us or challenged usb kr to defend our right and our honor. The Austro-Hungarian Government has, da indeed, avowed its unqualified indorsement and acceptance of the reckless and pea lawless submarine warfare adopted now without disguise by the Imperial German Government, and it has therefore not been possible for this Govern ment to receive Count Tarnowski, the Ambassador recently accredited to this Government by the Imperial and Royal Government of Austria-Hungary; but that Government has not actually engaged in warfare against citizens of the United States on the seas, and I take the liberty, for the present at least, of postponing a discussion of our relations with the authorities at Vienna. We enter this war only where we are clearly forced into it because there are no other means of defending our right.

It will be all the easier for us to conduct ourselves as belligerents in a high spirit of right and fairness because we act without animus, not in enmity toward a people or with the desire to bring any injury or disadvantage upon them, but only in armed opposition to an irresponsible government which has thrown aside all considerations of humanity and of right and is running amuck.

We are, let me say again, the sincere friends of the German people, and shall desire nothing so much as the early re-establishment of intimate relations of mutual advantage between us - however hard it may be for them for the time being to believe that this is spoken from our hearts. We have borne with their present Government through all these bitter months because of that friendship exercising a patience and forbearance which would otherwise have been impossible. We shall happily still have an opportunity to prove that friendship in our daily attitude and actions toward the millions of men and women of German birth and native sympathy who live amongst us and share our life, and we shall be proud to prove it toward all who are in fact loyal to their neighbors and to the Government in the hour of test. They are. most of them as true and loyal Americans as if they had never known any other fealty or allegiance. They will be prompt to stand with us in rebuking and restraining the few who may be of a different mind and purpose. If there

hould be disloyalty, it will be dealt with with a firm hand of stern repression;
out, if it lifts its head at all, it will lift it only here and there and without coun-
tenance except from a lawless and malignant few.

It is a distressing and oppressive duty, Gentlemen of the Congress, which
I have performed in thus addressing you. There are, it may be, many months
of fiery trial and sacrifice ahead of us. It is a fearful thing to lead this great
peaceful people into war, into the most terrible and disastrous of all wars,
civilization itself seeming to be in the balance. But the right is more precious
than peace, and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried
nearest our hearts for democracy, for the right of those who submit to au-
thority to have a voice in their own governments, for the rights and liberties
of small nations, for a universal dominion of right by such a concert of free
peoples as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world
itself at last free. To such a task we can dedicate our lives and our fortunes,
everything that we are and everything that we have, with the pride of those
who know that the day has come when America is privileged to spend her
blood and her might for the principles that gave her birth and happiness and
the peace which she has treasured. God helping her, she can do no other.

1

A. A selected list of the books referred to in this history. These titles are BEC quoted very briefly in the references at the ends of chapters; those not in this list are there quoted more fully.

ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS, Charles Francis Adams; Lee at Appomattox anl Other Papers; Panama Canal Zone; Wednesday, August 19, 1812, 6.30 P.M. — The Birth of a World Power.

ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS, AND ADAMS, HENRY, Chapters of Erie and Other Essays.

ADAMS, HENRY, History of the United States.

ANDREWS, CHARLES MCLEAN, Colonial Self-Government; Colonial Period.
AVERY, ELROY MCKENDREE, History of the United States and Its People.
BASSETT, JOHN SPENCER, Federalist System; Life of Andrew Jackson.

BEARD, CHARLES Austin, American Government and Politics; Contemporary
American History.

BOURNE, EDWARD GAYLORD, Spain in America; Essays in Historical Criti cism.

BRUCE, H. ADDINGTON, Daniel Boone and the Wilderness Road; Romance of
American Expansion.

CHANNING, EDWARD, History of the United States; Jeffersonian System; Town.
and County Government in the English Colonies of North America.
CHANNING, EDWARD, AND LANSING, M. F., Story of the Great Lakes.
CURTIS, EDWARD S., North American Indian.

DEWEY, DAVID RICH, National Problems.

DUNBAR, SEYMOUR, History of Travel in America.

FARRAND, MAX, Framing of the Constitution; Records of the Federal Convention FARRAND, MAX, ED., Journey to Ohio in 1810.

FISH, CARL RUSSELL, Civil Service and the Patronage.

FISHER, SYDNEY GEORGE, Struggle for American Independence; True Benjamin Franklin; Men, Women, and Manners in Colonial Times; Making of Pennsylvania.

FISKE, JOHN, American Revolution; Beginnings of New England; Critical Period of American History; Discovery of America; Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America; Mississippi Valley in the Civil War; New France and New England; Old Virginia and Her Neighbors.

FITE, EMERSON DAVID, Presidential Campaign of 1860; Social and Industrial Conditions in the North During the Civil War.

FOSTER, JOHN W., American Diplomacy in the Orient; Century of American Diplomacy.

EM

GRINNELL, GEORGE BIRD, Trails of the Pathfinders.

HART, ALBERT BUSHNELL, Abolition and Slavery; Salmon Portland Chass HILL, FREDERICK TREVOR, Decisive Battles of the Law.

HULBERT, ARCHER B., Historic Highways of America.

JOHNSON, ALLEN, Stephen Arnold Douglas.

LATANÉ, JOHN H., United States as a World Power.
LECKY, WILLIAM EDWARD HARTPOLE, American Revolution.

LODGE, HENRY CABOT, Daniel Webster; George Washington.

MACDONALD, WILLIAM, Select Documents, 1776-1861.

MCMASTER, JOHN BACH, History of the People of the United States.

MORSE, JOHN T., Abraham Lincoln; Benjamin Franklin; Thomas Jefferson;

John Quincy Adams.

NICOLAY, JOHN C., AND HAY, JOHN, Abraham Lincoln.

OGG, FREDERICK AUSTIN, Opening of the Mississippi.

OSGOOD, HERBERT L., American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century.

PARKMAN, FRANCIS, Conspiracy of Pontiac; Frontenac and France; Half Century of Conflict; Jesuits; Montcalm and Wolfe; Old Regime in Canada; Oregon Trail; Pioneers of France in the New World.

PAXSON, FREDERICK LOGAN, Civil War; Independence of the South American Republics; Last American Frontier.

PRESCOTT, WILLIAM H., Conquest of Mexico; Conquest of Peru.

RHODES, JAMES FORD, History of the United States.

ROOSEVELT, THEODORE, New Nationalism; Thomas Hart Benton; Winning

of the West.

ROYCE, JOSIAH, California.

SCHURZ, CARL, Henry Clay.

SPARKS, EDWIN EARLE, Expansion of the American People.

SPARKS, EDWIN EARLE, ED., English Settlement in the Illinois.

SUMNER, WILLIAM GRAHAM, Andrew Jackson.

THWAITES, REUBEN GOLD, Daniel Boone; France in America; Father Mar

quette; How George Rogers Clark Won the Northwest.

THWAITES, REUBEN GOLD, ED., Journals of Lewis and Clark.

TREVELYAN, SIR GEORGE OTTO, American Revolution.

TURNER, FREDERICK JACKSON, New West; Western State Making.

TYLER, MOSES COIT, Literary History of the American Revolution.

VAN TYNE, CLAUDE HALSTEAD, American Revolution; Loyalists in the American

Revolution.

VILLARD, OSWALD GARRISON, John Brown.

WINSOR, JUSTIN, Westward Movement.

WINSOR, JUSTIN, ED., Narrative and Critical History of America.

B. Numerous references have been made to the following collections of sources. The titles are quoted very briefly in the references at the ends of chapters. American History Leaflets, Edited by Albert Bushnell Hart and Edward Channing.

American History Told by Contemporaries, Edited by Albert Bushnell Hart. Great Epochs in American History, Edited by Francis W. Halsey.

Jesuit Relations, Edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites.

Old South Leaflets.

Original Narratives of Early American History.

Select Orations Illustrating American Political History, Edited by Samuel Bannister Harding.

Source Book of American History, Edited by Albert Bushnell Hart.