Thus Penn was at the same time Proprietor of Pennsylvania and Delaware, and at one time had a share in New Jersey. THE DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND colonies attempted. The acquisition of New York, New Jersey, and Delaware from the Dutch, and the foundation of Carolina and Pennsylvania gave the English a continuous line of colonies from Maine to the Union of the Carolinas. Opportunity had come for attempting an ambitious plan, which was nothing more nor less than the cancellation of the charters of all the corporate and proprietary colonies and their union into a single grand colony of the royal type. Massachusetts, with Maine and also New Hampshire, served as the nucleus, and to these Plymouth and Rhode Island were first added, then Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey. The united colonies were called the Dominion of New England; and in practice the plan went no further, though it was originally intended to add Pennsylvania, Maryland, Carolina, and the Bahamas. Inasmuch as Bermuda, Virginia, and the various islands of the West Indies were already royal provinces, the way would have been prepared for one vast royal colony, had the Dominion of New England succeeded. Edmund Andros, formerly governor of New York and New Jersey, arrived in Boston in 1686 as the first governor of the Dominion of New England, authorized to rule without the aid of the Nature of colonial legislatures and with none of the restrictions of the union. a charter. The boundaries of the separate colonies were wiped out. That the rule of absolutism might be safeguarded, it was necessary for the King to gain possession of the existing charters. That of Connecticut was spirited away by zealous patriots from the very presence of the governor himself under cover of darkness, and hidden, so the story goes, in the hollow of a tree, afterwards known as the Charter Oak; and that of Rhode Island was also withheld from him. The rule of Andros was arbitrary in the extreme. He made laws and imposed taxes without the consent of the people, interfered with the decisions of the courts and with land titles, and forcibly introduced the Church of England into Puritan Boston. GENERAL REFERENCES The rule of Governor Andros. CHANNING. United States, II; FISKE, Dutch and Quaker Colonies; FISHER, Pennsylvania; I. SHARPLESS, Quaker Government in Pennsylvania; E. MCCRADY, South Carolina under the Proprietary Government, South Carolina under the Royal Government, and South Carolina as a Royal Province; R. H. TOPPAN, Edward Randolph; ANDREWS, Colonial Self-government. SPECIAL TOPICS 1. BACON'S REBELLION. Epochs, II, 164–173; Contemporaries, I, 242-246; OsGOOD, Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, III, 242-279; AVERY, United States, III, 28-45. 2. THE QUAKERS. OSGOOD, Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, I, 269-289; Contemporaries, I, 479–486; Source Book, 80-82; FISKE, Dutch and Quaker Colonies, II, 108-114. 3. THE ENGLISH CONQUEST OF NEw NETHERLAND. Epochs, II, 153–164; Contemporaries, I, 537-541; Original Narratives New Netherland, 447-466; WINSOR, America, III, 385-420. 4. WILLIAM PENN AND PENNSYLVANIA. FISKE, Dutch and Quaker Colonies, II, 114-170, and 295–316; Old South Leaflets, IV, 95, and VII, 171; Epochs, II, 180-191; Contemporaries, II, 65-68, and 74-77; Original Narratives Early Pennsylvania, etc.; I. SHARPLESS, Quaker Experiment; Source Book, 67–69. 5. EARLY NEW JERSEY. Source Book, 62-65; FISKE, Dutch and Quaker Colonies, II, 10-16; Original Narratives · · Early Pennsylvania, West Jersey, etc. 6. THE PIRATES. Contemporaries, II, 244–247; C. H. HARING, Buccaneers; S. C. HUGHSON, Carolina Pirates; J. ESQUEMELING, Buccaneers; R. D. PAINE, Buried Treasure. 7. THE DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND. OSGOOD, Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, III, 378-414; AVERY, United States, III, 125–154. ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL HAWTHORNE (in Twice Told Tales), Edward Randolph's Portrait, The Gentle Boy, and Gray Champion; WHITTIER, Pennsylvania Pilgrim; H. BUTTERWORTH, Wampum Belt; M. JOHNSTON, Prisoners of Hope; M. W. FREEMAN, Heart's Highway. SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS In what respects did English colonization after 1660 differ from that before 1660? Compare the experiences of the Quakers in the various colonies. What was commendable and what was not commendable in the scheme of the Dominion of New England? Criticize the Grand Model of the Carolina proprietors. Give reasons for the rapid progress of early Pennsylvania. Sum up the effects in America of the English Restoration of 1660. ENGLISH AMERICA. INFLUENCE OF THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION OF 1688 trary rule of Stuart Kings in England. the later THE two later Stuarts, Charles II and James II, failed to learn a lesson from the fate of their father, Charles I, and were guilty of the same “tyrannical and arbitrary government." In re- The arbiligious affairs James II favored an even more extreme course than had his father before the Puritan Revolution, for while Charles I had merely wished to retain the Established Church and to force the Non-conformists to accept it, James cherished the hope of leading his Protestant subjects back to the religion of the Pope. James did not entirely dispense with Parliament, but claimed and exercised the right to suspend its laws temporarily in some cases and in other cases to dispense with them entirely. In America, as we have seen, he took the radical step of depriving the people of their legislatures; his measures against the charters of the New England colonies had their counterpart across the water in the taking away by Charles II of the charters of many English towns. His subjects at home, too, found James II, like his father, extremely cruel in the administration of justice. Yielding at last to the wrath of his subjects, James in 1688 "withdrew himself out of the kingdom and thereby abdicated," thus escaping the dire fate of the tyrant of 1649. A refugee in France, The Bloodless under the protection and encouragement of the French Revolution. government he was safe from the vengeance of the English; but he was never able to recover his lost throne, and Parliament was left free to regulate the powers of the English kingship as it saw fit. This it proceeded to do. The new King and Queen, William and Mary, who ascended the throne in 1689 at the invitation of the English Parliament, reigned with greatly reduced powers, while at the expense of the Crown the powers of Parliament were increased. The rights of the people were formulated by Parliament in the Bill of Rights, which included the following provisions: 1, laws should not be suspended by the monarch; 2, no taxation should be levied without the consent of the people assembled in Parliament; 3, the right of petition to the government was guaranteed to the people; 4, freedom of speech in Parliament was guaranteed; 5, excessive fines were not to be imposed; and 6, Parliament should be assembled frequently. To this programme of popular rights the King and Queen were obliged to subscribe. The Stuart pretensions to royal supremacy over the will of the people as expressed in Parliament were at an end. Dissolution of the Dominion of New England. The immediate effect in America of the "Bloodless Revolution" in England was the dissolution of the Dominion of New England into the various colonies of which it was originally composed. Governor Andros was arrested in 1689 by the people of Boston and sent back to England a prisoner, and Massachusetts, with Plymouth added, shortly afterwards received a new charter as a royal colony. The right of the people of Massachusetts, however, to elect their own governor, which they had enjoyed up to 1684, when they lost their charter as a corporate colony, was not regained. New Hampshire again became a separate royal colony. Rhode Island and Connecticut resumed their former charters as separate colonies, and the large powers which they had enjoyed under them were restored. In New York the government was usurped by a German merchant, Jacob Leisler, who held the reins of power for two years and was then hanged as a traitor. The colony regained the legislative assembly which James II had taken away, and both New York and New Jersey became royal colonies. Conflict A second and far-reaching result of the "Glorious Revolution of 1688" was the precipitation of a long conflict with France, which, in turn, led the English government to make important changes in its methods of colonial administration.. William of Orange, as a Protestant and as Stadtholder of Holland, had already waged a long conflict with the Roman Catholic King of France in behalf of the liberties of his native country, and after he ascended the throne of England, with the power of the English army and navy and national resources behind him, he naturally desired to continue the old struggle. The English people were not averse to such a programme, for they resented the French espousal of the cause of James II. With such an attitude on the part of both the monarch and his people, the change in England from the days of Charles II and James II, who allowed themselves to make secret and unpatriotic promises to the King of France in return for millions of French money with which to meet the ordinary expenses their administration, was striking indeed. In America. of Not only in Europe, but also in America, the two rival powers were jealously watching one another. By 1689, when the new order of things was established in England, France had built up a long frontier in the interior of North America on the north and west of the English settlements on the seaboard, which was far more of a menace to the English colonial empire than the Dutch colony of New Netherland had ever been. Changes in colonial administration. In preparation for the impending conflict, which was destined to have important effects upon colonial affairs, the English began to set their American frontier in order. The Board of Trade and Plantations was appointed in London to secure stricter enforcement of the navigation laws, to investigate conditions in the colonies, and to make recommendations as to the colonial policy of the government. Before the first shots were fired against the French and after the wars started, new plans were seriously considered in London for the union of the colonies into one grand division somewhat after the model of the Dominion of New England, but without the arbitrary features of that discredited scheme. Under the stress of military necessity a congress assembled in New York in 1690 to make plans for common defense, although nothing definite was accomplished. The new question. As a third result of the Revolution of 1688, the supremacy of Parliament rather than of the King raised a constitutional question for the Americans. Did they owe the same allegiance to Parliament as they had to the Crown, by which their charters constitutional had been granted? If Parliament, with its increasing authority, had exercised its new powers in colonial affairs mildly, the question might never have become troublesome; but in time Parliament chose to exercise its powers in a way very offensive to the colonists, and they responded, as we shall see, by throwing off the yoke entirely. Before the changes flowing from the English Revolution of 1688 were fully developed, the last English colony was founded in Georgia in 1733. A charter was granted to a board of "trustees" or The founding proprietors, the leader of whom was James Oglethorpe, an of Georgia. English philanthropist. The colony was designed to be a refuge for the King's poverty-stricken subjects, for the unfortunate debtors in the English prisons, for the many Protestant refugees from the German states who were within his realm, and for the distressed in general. Georgia was in reality a colony in trust for the poor, a genuine international charity. The first settlement was made at Savannah. Hither came John and Charles Wesley and George Whitfield, prominent Nonconformist English evangelists, who visited the American colonies in the interests of Christian missions, and here Whitfield founded an orphan asylum. Aside from philanthropic considerations, the mother country was glad to have the new outpost on the southern boundary of |