Canada, relying on their ability to hold the colonies farther south by other means. By a treaty between Spain and Great Britain, the former power was allowed to recover Cuba and the Philippines, but was deprived of Florida, which went to Great Britain, while Spain received from France, in still a third treaty, the claims of the latter power to the interior of North America west of the Mississippi, including New Orleans. French influence with the nations of India was lost to the British.

GENERAL REFERENCES

CHANNING, United States, II; PARKMAN, Half Century of Conflict, Montcalm and Wolfe, and Conspiracy of Pontiac; FISKE, New France and New England; E. B. GREENE, Provincial America; SPARKS, Expansion, 69–77.

SPECIAL TOPICS

1. INDIAN MASSACRES. Source Book, 98-100; C. H. LINCOLN, Indian Wars, 16751699.

2. BRADDOCK'S DEFEAT. Epochs, III, 39-51; Contemporaries, II, 365-367; Source Book, 103-105; HULBERT, Historic Highways, IV, 15-135; AVERY, United States, IV, 60-79.

3. THE DEPORTATION OF THE ACADIANS. Epochs, III, 51-58; Contemporaries, II, 360-365; AVERY, United States, IV, 93–112.

4. THE CAPTURE OF QUEBEC. Old South Leaflets, III, 73, and VII, 4; Epochs, III, 58-66; Contemporaries, II, 369-372; Source Book, 105-107; AVERY, United States, IV, 273-295; G. PARKER and C. G. BRYAN, Old Quebec, 268-298..

ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL

LONGFELLOW, Evangeline; WHITTIER, Pentucket; G. PARKER, Seats of the Mighty; HAWTHORNE, Grandfather's Chair, Part II; K. MUNROE, At War with Pontiac; COOPER, Last of the Mohicans.

SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS

In what sense was the British defeat of the French a critical event in the history of North America? Compare the Albany plan of union with the previous plans of colonial union. What was the influence of the British-French wars on the American Revolution? What was the strategic importance of the forts at Louisburg and at Fort Duquesne? Why did the British deport the Acadians? Did the French or the British >have the better claim to the Ohio Valley? On what did the Spaniards, the English, the French, and the Dutch, base their respective claims to North America? State the 1 possessions of the different nations in America after 1763. Describe the political organization and government of New France, and show wherein New France resembled, and wherein it differed politically from, the British colonies.

PART III

THE REVOLT OF THE BRITISH COLONIES

The sparse

lation.

CHAPTER XI

BRITISH AMERICA IN 1763

POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION

ALTHOUGH in 1763 there were, roughly speaking, three different lines of British settlements stretching parallel to the Atlantic Coast, all in different stages of development; first, that on the ness of popu- seaboard, second, that in the Shenandoah Valley, and third, that of which barely a beginning had been made west of the Appalachians; not one of these was clearly beyond the frontier stage. Even the seaboard colonies were far removed from settled conditions and far behind the mother country in material progress. Population was sparse. The only towns having 10,000 inhabitants or over were Philadelphia with 18,000, and New York and Boston with 15,000 each; Charleston, South Carolina, the next largest, numbered 9000. With few roads and bridges, communication between the various sections was difficult. People staid at home perforce. Upset vehicles, stage coaches and horses stuck in the mud, overturned ferry boats, and uncomfortable inns on the way were generally sufficient obstacles to all but the most necessary travel. The most populous colonies were Virginia with 345,000 people, Massachusetts with 235,000, Pennsylvania with 220,000, and Jamaica with 184,000. From 1700, when the number of inhabitpopulation. ants on the mainland was about 250,000, population there had almost doubled every twenty years, reaching approximately 500,000 in 1720, 1,000,000 in 1740, and 2,000,000 in 1760.

Total

Immigration.

тра

Almost every one was an immigrant or the son or grandson of an immigrant. America was holding out arms of welcome to all who would come to her shores and lend a hand in the work of reducing the continent to civilization. Said Benjamin Franklin in London to prospective emigrants to his native land: “Much less is it advisable for a person to go thither who has no other

quality to recommend him but his birth. In Europe indeed it has value; but it is a commodity that cannot be carried to a worse market than to that of America, where people do not inquire concerning a stranger, What is he? but What can he do? If he has any useful art, he is welcome; if he exercises it, and behaves well, he will be respected by

all that know him; but a mere man of quality, who on that account wants to live on the public, by some office or salary, will be despised and disregarded. . . . Land being cheap in that country, from the vast forests still void of inhabitants, and not likely to be occupied in an age to come, insomuch that the propriety of an hundred acres of fertile soil full of wood may be obtained near the frontiers in many places, for eight or ten guineas, hearty young laboring men, who understand the husbandry of corn and cattle, which is nearly the same in that country as in Europe, may easily establish themselves. A little money, saved out of the good wages they receive there while they work for others, enables them to buy the land and begin their plantation, in which they

are assisted by the good will of their neighbors, and some credit. Multitudes of poor people from England, Ireland, Scotland, and Germany, have by this means in a few years become wealthy farmers, who in their own countries, where all the lands are fully occupied, and the wages of labor low, could never have emerged from the mean condition wherein they were born."

Declaring that the people of the new continent sprang from a "promiscuous breed," Crèvecœur, himself a French immigrant, wrote "What is an as follows in the last half of the eighteenth century: American?" "What then is an American, this new Man? He is neither an European, nor the descendant of an European; hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country. I could point out to you a family, whose grandfather was an Englishman, whose wife was Dutch, whose son married a French woman, and whose present four sons have now four wives of different nations. He is an American, who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds. He becomes an American by being received into the broad lap of our great ‘alma mater.' Here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men, whose labors and posterity will one day cause great changes in the world. Americans are the western pilgrims, who are carrying along with them that great mass of arts, sciences, vigor, and industry, which began long since in the east. They will finish the great circle. The Americans were once scattered over all Europe. Here they are incorporated into one of the finest systems of population which has ever appeared. . . . The American is a new man, who acts upon new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions. From involuntary idleness, servile dependence, penury and useless labor, he has passed to toils of a different nature, rewarded by ample subsistence. . . . This is an American."

races.

Although comparatively few immigrants came to her from England after the Restoration of the Stuarts in 1660, New England throughout The different the colonial period remained almost purely English; and the same race predominated in the eastern or seaboard sections of Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas, while in Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York, the English were mingled with the Dutch, Swedes, Germans, Scotch-Irish, and other races. The so-called Pennsylvania Dutch were properly not Dutch at all, but Germans who found a refuge in Eastern Pennsylvania from the devastation of wars and tyranny in their own states at home. The ScotchIrish were people of Scotch descent, from the north of Ireland, mainly

Ulster, who left their homes to escape industrial and, religious oppies. sion. They came by thousands; in some years ten thousand arrived in Pennsylvania alone. America probably gained half a million inhabitants by this great migration. A few went into New Hampshire, but the greater part of them poured into the interior regions of Pennsylvania and south from there along the foot-hills of the Appalachians, where they were the predominant race, although there were also found here many French Huguenots, German Quakers or Mennonites, Scotch Highlanders, Swiss, Welsh, and Irish. Nearly all of these immigrants were Protestants, poor in this world's goods, fleeing the wars, persecutions, and untoward conditions of Europe.

OCCUPATIONS

On the seaboard and in the new West agriculture was well-nigh universal. The New Englander on his barren and rocky farm raised the simple necessities of life but could boast of no great Agriculture staple New England crop. The planters of the southern universal. colonies, on the other hand, and those in the West Indies, were blessed with the valuable staple crops of tobacco, sugar, rice, and indigo, which they raised largely to the exclusion of other products. The islands indeed produced sugar so extensively that some of them were habitually spoken of as the sugar islands, -the British sugar islands and the French sugar islands.

The country

villages of New Eng

New England was a land of villages and small farms. There the one long village street was usually found, bordered by farmhouses, with the farms stretching back in either direction; the ever-present meetinghouse, where the church-going habits of the people encouraged sociability as well as piety; the town hall, with its frequent public discussion, the village store, the inn, the schoolhouse, and frequently the blockhouse for refuge in case of attack by the Indians.

land.

The farm buildings themselves on any particular farm were usually grouped closely together; in most cases indeed they were actually connected. A settler on a New England farm was not alone an agriculturist, but by the very necessities of his frontier life he was trapper, hunter, lumberman, and Indian fighter as well, and the manufacturer of his own farming and household utensils and furnishings.

In the country south of the Potomac, on the other hand, where the plantation, or very large farm, was the unit of society and towns and villages were little known, society lacked the sociability The southern of the New England village church, town hall, and store. plantation. Public inns for the entertainment of strangers were rare. Instead,