for a history of life and culture in the United States. Some results of this work have been given, in the forms of unwritten lectures at Columbia University and other institutions, and in papers appearing in the Century Magazine. The present volume is scarcely a beginning of the vast work which the author has projected, but is the first fruits of his study in the sources.

It is not an easy task to write history. There is need to first discover and become acquainted with all the evidence. The ability to do this is, I suppose, never a gift, but comes from training. The next requisite is a judicial mind, with the power of discerning the much, the all, in little. There are, in the true sense, few historians in this country. Many have tried to write history, but have failed because of defects on the one side or on the other, or because of a further defect of prejudice. Dr. Eggleston has not had the best of academic opportunities, but has caught the ideal. He is in love with his work, but struggles ineffectually with some stiffness in his style. There is lack of smoothness and sug gestiveness such as we find in Fiske. But he rises at times to high dignity and clearness of interpretation, as the following (pp. 149-150) will show :

"On the southern margin of Yorkshire the traveler alights to-day at the station of Bawtry. It is an uninteresting vil

lage, with a rustic inn. More than a mile to the southward, in Nottinghamshire, lies the pleasant but commonplace village of Scrooby. About a mile to the north of Bawtry is Austerfield, a hamlet of brick cottages crowded together along the road. It has a picturesque little church built in the middle ages, the walls of which are three feet thick. This church will seat something more than a hundred people nowadays by the aid of a rather modern extension. In the seventeenth century it was smaller, and there was no ceiling. Then one could see the rafters of the roof while shuddering in the grottolike interior. The country around is level and unpicturesque.

"But one is here in the cradle of great religious movements. In Scrooby and Austerfield were born the Pilgrims who made the first successful settlement in New England. A little to the east lies Gainsborough, from which migrated to Holland in 1606 the saintly separatist John Smyth, who gave form to a great Baptist movement of modern times. A few miles to the northeast of Bawtry, in Lincolnshire, lies Epworth, the nest from which the Wesleys issued more than a hundred years later to spread Methodism over the world. Religious zeal seems to have characterized the people of this region even before the Reformation, for the country round about Scrooby was occupied at that time by an unusual number of religious houses."

The Beginners of a Nation is a good book, and will be welcome to all serious and discerning readers. (D. Appleton and Company; $1.50.) L. A. SHERMAN.

Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone celebrated the fifty eighth anniversary of their wedding July 26... England, Russia, and the United States have agreed upon a conference on the Behring Sea controversy.....The president has appointed T. V. Powderly commisioner of immigration... Miss Anna Crosby Emmerey has been elected dean and assistant of philology in a Wisconsin university.....The lord mayor of London's India relief fund approaches three million dollars. ....The Audubon Society of the state of New York is conducting an active crusade against the use of the feathers of wild birds for millinery purposes.....The government of China will found a college at Shanghai for the education of Chinese in western art, science, and lit erature.....The much talked of Chicago ordinance for taxing bicycles has been declared void..... Experienced Alaska travelers say that one-half the men who try to go through the Chilcoot Pass perish..... Diplomatic relations have been broken between Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria.........Placards have been posted in Constantinople demanding change in the system of government..... United States Senator James C. George died August 14, at Mississippi City.....Congressman Ashley B. Wright was found dead August 14 at his home in North Adams, Mass.....In the month of August the czar of Russia was visited by Emperor William,

and also by President Faure, of France.....Dr. David Star Jordan, commissioner for fur seal investigations, has made his report to the gov ernment.....Alaska will soon have the largest stamp mill in the world.....Short crops are reported in Austria, Austria, Russia, Germany, and France.....President Borda, of the republic of Uruguay, was assassinated August 25.....Uprising against English rule are occurring in India. The revolt seems to be led by Mohammedans. The European opinion is that the sultan is behind the conspiracy.....Russia will build a canal connecting the Baltic with the Black Sea. It is to be 1,000 miles long, 213 feet wide at the surface, 114 feet wide at the base, and 27 feet deep. The largest battleships may pass through it.....Prime Minister Canovas of Spain was assassinated by an anarchist.....Jean Ingelow, the English poet, died at her home in London on July 20. "Songs of Seven" is probably the best of her verse. She also wrote many popular books for children..... Utah has just celebrated the semi-centennial of the establishment of the Mormons in that state.....Boston is now constructing the largest storage reservoir in the world, with a capacity of sixty-five billions of gallons, enough to supply the city for three and one-half years. It will cover an area of 4,000 acres and be retained by a dam 1,250 feet long and 127 feet high.

Vol. VIII

TEACHERS'

There were only two professional economists of eminent position and FREEDOM. reputation who came out squarely during the last campaign for the democratic programme regarding the free coinage of silver. One of these was in Rhode Island and one in California, and during the past month the names of both have been a good deal in the newspapers because of their alleged persecution for opinion's sake. As to Dr. Ross of Stanford, the reports that he had been disciplined, if not removed, on account of his views regarding free coinage were promptly denied by both himself and the president of the university, and according to the published accounts everyone is satis fied with the condition of things there except the newspaper men who wanted a sensation. At Brown the committee appointed to confer with President Andrews several months ago took pains to put itself in the wrong as definitely as possible by boldly asking him to suppress his views on a political issue because their frank expression would interfere with getting endowments from rich men. He promptly tendered his resignation, and only withdrew it when the corporation of Brown repudiated the action of their committee and urged him to retain the presidency. In the middle West the governing boards of the University of Texas and the Agricultural College of Kansas have made removals alleged to have been prompted by political motives.

No. 3

may be inferred that a radical difference of opinion regarding a political issue had something to do with the state of mind. One thing is clear: Although teachers may be disciplined for their opinions, the powers that be have not the nerve to say so publicly. It seemed as though the corporation of Brown was going to be an exception to this rule, but in face of the general condemnation of their committee and the imposing petitions and remonstrances from their own professors and others they drew back. When Dr. Bemis was removed from the University of Chicago some years ago the management explained that the action was taken not because of his views, but because of his lack of ability; and when the Andrews matter came up President Harper of the University of Chicago was the first to denounce the action of the Brown committee. It should be remembered, however that it is possible for a man always to say the brave thing and always do the time-serving one and in spite of the claims that the men removed have been disciplined, not for opinion's sake, but for conduct unbecoming scientists, the suspicion of illicit political influence in some cases and of illicit plutocratic influence in others will not entirely down.

THE TRUTH THAT MAKES FREE.

If a man of even fair ability gets interfered with for telling the truth it is likely to do him personally more good than harm, for, as a well-known economist said in discussing these matters, "There are seventy millions of people in this country, and a good many of them want to know the truth." The public notice that has been given to the recent cases of alleged persecution shows this view to be correct. The difficulty is that in the social sciences demonstration is too often out of the question, and under

such circumstances it is a matter of opinion whether a given man is teaching what is true or what is false. In such a case opinions are very likely to differ. The few doubtful cases that come up for consideration from time to time should serve to remind us of how rare these cases are and what a vast number of appointments to teachers' positions are annually made without a shadow of suspicion of any illicit influence whatever.

THE MONEY
POWER AND

OTHER POWERS.

If endowed colleges are inclined one way as regards money problems, state institutions supported by public taxation are inclined to lean the other. It is fortunate for the country that we have both kinds, each vigorous and well developed. Their opposite tendencies will result in greater fairness and the confidence of the people in both will be more firmly grounded. The pressure that rich men exert is usually quieter, but more effective for accomplishing its ends, than that which is exercised by popular organizations like the big political parties. The common practice for the latter is to make much noise about all that they do. They cannot operate in any other way. Whenever they do an unwise or unjust thing they get blamed for it, and the papers that pander to the wealthy and educated classes have easy work in denouncing them. The influence of the money power is less often traceable, and frequently cannot be publicly demonstrated. Yet those most vitally interested, the professors themselves, usually feel that there is just as much likelihood of their being coerced in the endowed colleges as in the politically organized

universities.

LIGHT FROM RIFLES.

Another place where quiet tyranny and noisy tyranny stand close together, but in contrast, is in labor troubles. The capitalist works by quiet methods to obtain his ends and usually manages to keep within the letter of the law. He can pay expensive lawyers to tell him what the many letters of the law are and how he can keep within them, or appear to do so, while still obtaining his end. The laborers are noisy, awkward, and often brutal in their methods. They usually contrive to put themselves in the wrong in matters essential to the controversy and sometimes alienate sympathy by gross misconduct. But the general public is right in

thinking that they often have a better case than appears on the surface of things. The soft coal miners of the middle states have lived and worked for decades under particularly hard conditions. The mine owners have encouraged more men to live about the works than could be given full work, and as a consequence, while nominal wages were good enough, real wages, or what a man can earn a year, have only been above the starvation point because of the length of time he must lie idle. The general public believes that men have a case when they are enough in earnest about it to get shot, and people learn more about labor problems after there has been some firing into mobs or killing of peace officers than at any other time. The shooting at Hazelton on September 11 seems to have been a gratuitous blunder on the part of the peace officers and illustrates little except the dangers of just such accidents when men are wrathful, and trying to settle their grievances by force. For the most part the great strike in the coal districts has been settled on terms of a temporary advance to the miners with provisions for eventual arbitration for next year. In England also a long strike has just come to an end in which a wealthy and titled capitalist was obliged to recognize the men's organizations, treat with their representatives, and concede many of their demands. Altogether the papers which perpetually insist that strikes never accomplish anything have to do a large amount of ignoring facts.

INJUNCTIONS.

The specific problem which the coal miners' strike has brought into new prominence is that concerning the power of the courts to issue injunctions restraining men from acts more or less unlawful which the men think calculated to aid them in their contest with capital. The injunction has long been a favorite weapon of corpe tions fighting each other, and the tangled condition of the laws and practices regulating injunctions has been well known to lawyers conversant with such matters. The injunction has its uses, but it also has its abuses, and it is in need of thorough statutory regulation by both federal and state laws. The rules of this matter are mainly those developed from the common law and equity procedure, and while lawyers always have a particular fondness for regulations so established, the general community is not so fond of them. When courts and lawyers are allowed to spin a

great mass of jurisprudence out of their own insides they bring into existence something too complicated for the wayfaring man to under stand or respect. The courts go back to old precedents to find out what the law is, whereas social expediency demands that there should be rigid inquiry as to what the law ought to be. The question is now sufficiently before the publie so that it will probably be thoroughly discussed, and better legal conditions established.

POLICING

THE WORLD.

Most of the wars and rumors of wars which the month has brought are somehow connected with semi-civilized peoples. Guatemala is in a state of insurrection, the Cuban misery drags its slow length along, the English are sacrificing men and wealth to establish a scientific frontier in India, the movement up the Nile is proceeding with the slowness, but apparently with the certainty of fate, and the Turk squats immovably on the territory which he has conquered from Greece. If civilization does not make nations moral it at least makes them cautious, and a certain barbaric shortsightedness seems necessary to precipitate a fight at the close of this century. England's excuse for her steady advances wherever she comes in contact with savage or barbarous people is that she may keep them in order. She aspires to be the world's greatest policeman, and other nations seem inclined to imitate her. If we are to undertake in Cuba the kind of work that she undertakes whenever her weak and half savage neighbors make themselves obnoxious by their belligerency, we shall need a larger measure than we now have of her great administrative capacity which enables her to reach far, act promptly, and never back out. It is no simple matter to keep savages in order, as we found in dealing with our own scattered and easily subdued Indians.

subject by saying bluntly, "If we cannot protect the seals against England we should cede the islands to her, as she would certainly protect them against us."

PROSPERITY AND GOLD.

As the month has passed it has become more and more evident that we are on the upgrade industrially, and no one can now deny that times are improving. So marked has been the advance in the price of securities that the same papers which three months ago were deprecating the persistent discouragement as unreasonable are now deprecating the excessive hope. fulness of buyers as also overdone. We have already explained how lucky the United States is during this particular season in ability to market her chief products at a profit. The improvement is so sharp because the depression has been long. When people have been saving for years they buy largely as soon as they have money to buy with, because many of their purchases are of a sort that it was possible to postpone, but not possible to dispense with entirely. The improvement at the present time is probably too rapid for the good of our industrial health. People who learned in the last campaign to attribute prosperity or depression to monetary affairs are now wondering how much of the present incipient boom is due to the greatly increased production of gold, actual and prospec tive. Probably very little, for while the production is increasing rapidly, the world's appetite for gold seems to be absolutely without limit. When the production of silver increased different nations hastened to quit using it as a money metal. Now that the production of gold is increasing, various nations are hastening to adopt it as a standard. This course may have been unreasonable, but it is a fact that cannot be safely quarreled with. We talk about supply and demand as though they were forces that could be easily expressed in figures and calculated with accuracy, but they are not. Demand especially has its source in some of the most astonishing and unexplained characteristics of human nature. The world's attitude being what it is toward the precious metals, the expansion of the gold output within any limits yet conceivable is a good thing.

AMOS G. WARNER,
Leland Stanford University.

V.

AN prose, typically, the thing to be known is poetry, typically, the thing to be felt is made made to do duty for what is to be felt. In to do duty for that which is to be known.

It is as necessary to know what prose is, typically, and what it is not, as to be definitely advised as to what is properly poetry, and what is in essence not poetry at all. One of our earliest notions is that whatever is not expressed in verse is prose, and that any one composition cast in unmetric and unrhymed forms is as prosaic as any other lacking such embellishment. This theory is liable, in due time, to be much shaken. Consciously or unconsciously, we become aware of an essential difference between the language of every-day life, or of the almanac, and of such utterances as we find, for instance, in the hundred and fourth psalm: "Thou art clothed with honour and majesty: who coverest thyself with light as with a garment: who stretchest out the heavens like a curtain: who layeth the beams of his chambers in the waters: who maketh the clouds his chariot: who walketh upon the wings of the wind." These sentences are manifestly nowhere in the least a record of facts. They are nothing, barring the solemn style, but plain prose in respect to form, but are unmistakably something vastly beyond plain prose in respect to meaning. A little reflection will discover to us the principle that plain prose is typically the language of facts, whereas the sentences in question are "interpretative" in the Idealizing or Beauty Way. The language of interpreted truth and beauty is always lofty, but not always versified. When high truth or beauty is to be set forth, there will be always, as seen in the verses quoted, a noble rhythm. Sometimes the mind that indites such meanings is not content unless there is added the minor rhythm that we call meter, but this is not native to the Anglo-Saxon race. Thus it is that the First Mode of presentation declares facts without developing any of the ulterior meanings involved severally in the facts themselves; as in the example, "It was spring again," given at the beginning of the last topic. Men use this language of "plain fact" in business, and whenever for any reason they do not wish to modify or recognize the consequent

effect upon the feelings. "Your mother died this morning," as the form of a telegram, is declared in the plain-prose way, which leaves the thing to be known to do duty without a syllable of assistance or suggestion for that which is to be realized or felt. "Your mother passed away this morning" is more nearly what the considerate and high-minded friend would say, since by merely implying and partly obscuring the fact, it makes the mind realize the higher principles of Truth that have caused that fact to be. In other words, by making the thing to be felt do duty for what is to be known, the sender of the dispatch spiritualizes what he has to communicate, and lifts it, with all its burdens, palpably above the earthy plane of fact. The philosophy of the Third Mode is much the same. "All the earnings of a quarter of a century were swept away in a moment" is the way a man once spoke to me about his business failure. He was a very plain tradesman, wholly unaccustomed to literature and elegance of speech, but he could not help making me realize his misfortune by implying the fact, and expatiating upon its extent, in the feeling or Beauty Way. It is a mistake to as sume that only men of books and higher education are "poetic." Everybody uses the Second and the Third Mode, in common speech, many times a day. The First Mode is that which tells something, which is to be simply known, leaving all consequent activity of the feelings unchallenged and unsuggested. The Second and the Third Mode make things known by way of bringing the feelings into exercise, but each by an exercise of the feelings quite different from the other.

When prose makes men know first, and feel, when or if there is any exercise of the sensibilities, afterwards, and this not so much in conse quence of the author's intention or effort as in spite of both, it is prose indeed. When prose makes men feel first and know after, it is emotional rather than intellectual, and is in so far poetry. Poetry is in reality a sort of interpreted prose, and amounts to retelling in spir itual terms something that has already been communicated in the fact way. Sometimes there is a double statement, one prosaic, and literal, the other interpretative in the Truth or the Beauty way. But the mind's moods are in