the New Hampshire jurisdiction. Claimants and their surveyors were in a few instances whipped with the twigs of the forest, which the settlers called affixing the "beech seal" to their titles. A citizen of Arlington, whose loyalty to the settlers had weakened, was suspended in a chair for two hours at the top of the tall sign-post of the tavern at Bennington Centre, by the side of the stuffed catamount which grinned defiance towards New York. This exaltation cured him and many others.

On the 9th of March, 1774, acts of outlawry were passed by the New York assembly, which authorized the hanging without trial of Ethan Allen, Seth Warner, Remember Baker, Robert Cochran, Peleg Sunderland, Silvanus Brown, James Breakenridge and John Smith, and such other punishment short of life and limb for their followers as the court might see fit

At a Maple Sugar Camp.

each for the others named. This had This had been done at the instance of Benjamin Hough of Socialborough (now Rutland). His neighbors seized him and carried him to Sunderland, thirty miles south, where, after trial before the leading Green Mountain Boys, he was punished by two hundred lashes and banished towards New York, "not to return on pain of receiving five hundred lashes."

But whenever an offender was punished by these pioneers he was given a certificate of the fact, so that he might not be chastised again for the same offence by some other detachment of "our mob." And they did not assume to try any one except for offending the common good. Their sense of justice is shown by a letter which Ethan Allen and six others sent to Benjamin Spencer and Amos Marsh in Clarendon, whom they had required to abandon New York authority and take out New Hampshire titles. They wrote that if "Col. Willard or any other man demand an exorbitant price for your lands, we scorn it, and will

assist you in mobbing such avaricious persons, for we mean to use force against oppression and that only."

This independent local government and resistance to outside authority, so much more marked in Vermont than even in Massachusetts, was fast leading up to the American Revolution. The Green Mountain Boys were in full sympathy with the resolve of the Continental Congress, adopted in September, 1774, to suspend all commercial relations with the mother country until the oppressive acts of parliament should be repealed. And they did not stop there. They decided that no further acts of government in the name of the king should be tolerated in their midst. As the Cumberland county court was about to open at Westminster, March 14, 1775, those in the vicinity, after voting to "oppose all authority that would not accede to the resolves of the Continental Congress," armed themselves with clubs and took possession of the court house. Sheriff Patterson and posse forced a midnight entrance by firing

through the door and wounding twelve of the occupants. The next day an inquest was held over the body of William French, who had died of his wounds, and the assailants were charged with murder. By the next morning fully five hundred men, armed and equipped for war, had assembled, and Capt. Robert Cochran, who had made a forced march with forty men from the west side of the mountain, conducted the judges, the sheriff, and six of his assistants to Northampton jail. Thus began and ended the first bloody resistance in the name of the Continental Congress to kingly power in America. Henceforth the land controversy was merged in the greater and more general struggle. A month later occurred the fights of Lexington and Concord, and in less than another month the taking of Fort Ticon

Statue of General Stannard, Burlington.

Julia C. R. Dorr.

deroga by Ethan Allen "in the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress," and of Crown Point by Seth Warner, and of a British sloop by Benedict Arnold, by which victories Lake Champlain was cleared of the enemy and the trophies of which were two hundred and thirty-four guns, many small arms, a few prisoners, and two strongholds. which menaced both Vermont and New York, and which had cost more than two millions of dollars.

The limits of this article compel the omission of any detailed account of the gallant part borne by the Green Mountain Boys in the Revolutionary War. Ethan Allen fell into captivity by the failure of Major Brown's column to unite in his attack upon Montreal, in September, 1775, and was not exchanged until 1778. Col. Seth Warner and his regiment repulsed Gen. Carlton at Longueuil as the British were moving from Montreal to raise the siege of St. John, and shortly afterwards captured a large number of vessels and stores as they tried to pass his batteries at Sorel. Having returned home for the winter, he and large numbers of his men soon hastened to the relief of Gen. Wooster at Quebec after the defeat and death of Montgomery. They suffered severe losses from smallpox during the winter, and made a stubborn retreat before the reinforced British army, reaching Ticonderoga and home the following June. After the destruction of Arnold's flotilla in October, and the ad

ninety-three of the enemy and destroying one hundred and fifty bateaux, seventeen gunboats and one armed sloop. In 1778, while Warner's regiment was at Albany, a British force sailed up the lake and penetrated Vermont as far as Middlebury, taking captive all the men, burning all the buildings, and retreating before troops from Rutland could meet them. The following spring a line of defence was formed and partially fortified, from Castleton to the mountains east of Pittsford, and all settlers north of it were required to come in. Companies of rangers defended the frontier throughout 1779. In October, 1780, more than one thousand British and Indians sailed up the lake and moved against Fort George, which

houses, killed many cattle, and escaped before men from the settlements could overtake them.

This was the last invasion of Vermont during the Revolution; but the frontier was constantly menaced. The continental army was all employed elsewhere. Vermont had asked permission to enter the Union, but delegates in Congress from New York, New Hampshire and Massachusetts prevented favorable action. There was reason to believe that some of them were willing to leave the state defenceless in order that danger might compel partition. The situation was tremely critical and the Vermonters resorted to diplomacy and political strategy.

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They not only took the aggressive