A Latin verb may have four participles: two in the Active, the Present and Future, amans, loving; amàtūrus, about to love: and two in the Passive, the Perfect and Future, — amātus, loved; amandus, deserving to be loved.

III. TENSES.

197. There are six tenses: 1

I. THREE TENSES FOR INCOMPLETE ACTION: 1. Present: amo, I love.

2. Imperfect: amābam, I was loving.

3. Future: amābo, I shall love.

II. THREE TENSES FOR COMPLETED ACTION:

1. Perfect: amāvi, I have loved, I loved.

2. Pluperfect: amavěram, I had loved.

3. Future Perfect: amavěro, I shall have loved.

198. REMARKS ON TENSES.

1. Present Perfect and Historical Perfect. The Latin Perfect sometimes corresponds to our Perfect with have (have loved), and is called the Present Perfect, or Perfect Definite; and sometimes to our Imperfect or Past (loved), and is called the Historical Perfect, or Perfect Indefinite.

2. Principal and Historical. Tenses are also distinguished as 1) Principal:-Present, Present Perfect, Future, and Future Perfect.

2) Historical:- Imperfect, Historical Perfect, and Pluperfect. 3. Tenses Wanting. - The Subjunctive wants the Future and Future Perfect; the Imperative has only the Present and Future; the Infinitive, only the Present, Perfect, and Future.

199. There are two Numbers: 2 SINGULAR and PLURAL.

1 Tense means time, and is employed to designate the time of an action

or event.

2 Number in verbs corresponds, it will be observed, to number in nouns. See 37.

V. PERSONS.

200. There are three Persons: FIRST, SECOND, and THIRD.

CONJUGATION.

201. Regular verbs are inflected, or conjugated, in four different ways, and are accordingly divided into Four Conjugations, distinguished from each other by the

202. Principal Parts.-Four forms of the verb-the Present Indicative, Present Infinitive, Perfect Indicative, and Supine-are called, from their importance, the Principal Parts of the verb.

203. Entire Conjugation. In any regular verb,

1. The VERB-STEM may be found by dropping the Infinitive Ending: amāre; stem, am.

2. The PRINCIPAL PARTS may be formed from this stem by means of proper endings.

3. The ENTIRE CONJUGATION of the verb through all its parts may be readily formed from these Principal Parts by means of the proper endings.3

1 Person in verbs corresponds, it will be observed, to person in nouns. See 37.

2 In the Active Voice, all these four forms are usually given as Principal Parts; but, in the Passive, only the first three.

3 In the Paradigms of regular verbs, the endings, both those which distinguish the Principal Parts and those which distinguish the forms derived from those parts, are separately indicated, and should be carefully noticed.

204. Sum, I am.

Sum is used as an auxiliary in the passive voice of regular verbs. Accordingly, its conjugation, though quite irregular, must be given

2 Or, you are: thou is confined mostly to solemn discourse: in ordinary

English, you are is used both in the singular and in the plural.

FUT. futūrus 3 essě, to be about to be. FUT. futūrus,3

about to be.

1 The Subjunctive is sometimes best rendered by let: sit, he may be, may he be, let him be.

2 The Future is sometimes best rendered like the Present, or with let:

esto, thou shalt be, or be thou; sunto, they shall be, or let them be.

3 Futūrus is declined like bonus; N. futūrus, a, um, G. futūri, ae, i; so in the Infinitive: futūrus, a, um esse.

RULE XXXV.-Verb with Subject.

460. A Finite1 Verb agrees with its Subject2 in NUMBER and PERSON:

Deus mundum aedificavit, God made the world. Cic. Ego rēges ejēci, vos tyrannos intrōdūcītis, I have banished kings, you introduce tyrants. Cic.

1. PARTICIPLES IN COMPOUND TENSES.-These agree with the subject, according to Rule XXXIII. page 32:

Thēbāni accusati sunt,* The Thebans were accused. Cic.

2. SUBJECT OMITTED. The subject is generally omitted 1) When it is a Personal Pronoun, or can be readily supplied from the context:

Discipulos moneo, ut studia ăment, I instruct pupils to love their studies. Quint.

1 See 196, I.

2 With the Active Voice of a Transitive Verb, the Subject represents the person (or thing, one or more) who performs the action; as, Deus in the first example, God made: but, with the Passive Voice, it represents the person (or thing, one or more) who receives the action, i.e. is acted upon, as, Thebani, 460, 1: the Thebans were accused.

3 Aedificavit is in the Third Person and in the Singular Number, because its subject deus is in that person and number. Ejēci is in the First Person Singular, to agree with its subject ego; and introducitis in the Second Person Plural, to agree with its subject vos.

4 The verb accusati sunt is in the Third Person Plural, to agree with its subject Thebāni, according to Rule XXXV.; but the participle accusati, which is one element of the verb, is in the Nominative Plural Masculine, to agree with its noun Thebāni, according to Rule XXXIII.

5 The subject of moneo is ego. It is omitted, because it is a Personal Pronoun, and is, accordingly, fully implied in the verb, as the ending eo shows, as we shall soon see, that the subject cannot be you, he, or they, but must be I.

Ut-ament means literally that they may love. The subject of ament is the pronoun ii, they, referring to discipulos. It is omitted, partly because it is implied in the ending ent, but more especially because it can be so readily supplied from discipulos, which shows who are here meant by they. 6 To love, or, more literally, that they may love.