BOOK II.

SYNTAX.

LESSON LXIII.

Classification of Sentences.

288. Syntax treats of the structure and combination of sentences.

289. The object of all language is of course the expression of thought.

290. A sentence may express thought,

1) In the form of an assertion, either affirmative or negative. It is then called a Declara

tive sentence, e. g.:

Ο παῖς γράφει.

Ο παῖς οὐ γράφει.

The boy is writing.

The boy is not writing.

2) In the form of a question. It is then called

an Interrogative sentence, e. g. :

Τις γράφει ;

Who is writing?

3) In the form of a command, exhortation, or en

treaty. It is then called an Imperative

291. A sentence may express

1) A single thought, i. e. may make but one assertion, ask but one question, or give

but one command. It may then be called a Simple sentence, e. g.:

Οἱ βάρβαροι φεύγουσιν. The barbarians are feeing.

2) Two or more thoughts so related to each other that one or more of them are made dependent upon the others. It may then be called a Complex sentence, e. g.:

Ἦν, ὅτε ἐτελεύτα, ἀμφὶ τὰ | He was about fifty years πεντήκοντα ἔτη. old when he died.

REM. The two simple sentences, it will be observed, which compose the above complex, are (1) He was about fifty years old, and (2) He died. These are, however, so combined that the second only specifies the time of the other. He was about fifty years old (when?) when he died.

3) Two or more independent thoughts. It may then be called a Compound sentence, e. g.:

Οἱ μὲν βάρβαροι ἔφευγον, | The barbarians were feeοἱ δ' Έλληνες εἶχον τὸ

ἄκρον.

ing, but the Greeks occupied the height.

CHAPTER I.

SIMPLE SENTENCES.

LESSON LXIV.

Principal Elements of Sentences.-Subject and Predicate.-Declarative Sentences.

292. Every sentence, however simple, consists of two distinct parts, viz.:

1) The Subject, or that of which it speaks; as παῖς in the sentence παῖς γράφει.

2) The Predicate, or that which is said of the subject; as ypáper in the above sentence. 293. The subject, however, it will be remembered (38), is often omitted, as the form of the predicate, in many instances, fully shows what subject is meant; às, åλndevoμev, We speak the truth.

294. VOCABULARY.

Έκτωρ, ορος, ὁ, Hector, cele- | Τειχίζω, ίσω, ισμαι, ίσην, το

brated Trojan leader.

Λύκος, ου, ὁ, wolf.

Νοσέω, ήσω, to be sick or ill.

fortify, to defend with a wall.

295. EXERCISES.

I.

1. Ομηρος τιμᾶται. 2. Τιμώμεθα.

2. Τιμώμεθα. 3. Τιμᾶσθε.

4. Λύκος διώκεται. 5. Διώκομαι. 6. Φίλιππος ἐβασί

λευεν. 7. Βασιλεύσεις. 8. Σόλων ἐφιλήθη. 9. Φιληθήσῃ. 10. Εκτωρ ἐφονεύθη. 11. Στρατηγὸς νοσεῖ. 12. Στρατιώτης τελευτᾷ. 13. Ημείς νικώμεν. Νικῶμεν. 15. Αστυ τειχίζεται.

14.

II.

1. You will be honored.

2. He will be con

quered. 3. A letter had been written. 4. Letters were written. 5. Let us deliberate. 6. We will deliberate.

LESSON LXV.

Subordinate Elements.-Modifiers.—Declarative

Sentences.

296. Both Subject and Predicate may have qualifying words and clauses connected with them to limit or modify their meaning, e. g. :

1. Ὁ ἀγαθὸς βασιλεὺς τι The good king is honored.

μᾶται.

2. Καλῶς ἐβουλεύσαντο.

They deliberated well.

REM. 1.-In the first example & and dyasós limit Baσideus: i.e. they show that the predicate ripâraι is not affirmed of every king, but only of the good king.

REM. 2. In the second example the predicate is modified by Kaλas, showing how they deliberated.

297. Qualifying words and clauses, whether belonging to the subject or predicate, may be called modifiers.

298. Any modifier, whether in the subject or predicate, may be itself modified, e.g.:

Φίλιππος, ὁ ̓Αλεξάνδρου | Philip, the father of Alπατήρ, ἐβασίλευεν. exander, was king.

299. The subject (expressed or implied) and the predicate are essential to the structure of every sentence, and may therefore be called the Essential or Principal Elements of sentences.

300. All modifiers are subordinate to the subject and predicate, and may therefore be called the Subordinate Elements of sentences.

301. VOCABULARY.

*Αρχων, οντος, ὁ, archon, ruler. | Πέμπω, ψω, ψα, πέπομφα, πέΒασίλεια, ας, ἡ, queen. Κρύπτω, ψω, ψα, φα, μμαι,

φθην, to conceal, hide. Παίζω, παίξομαι, ἔπαισα, πέπαικα, πέπαισμαι, ἐπαίχθην, to play, to sport.

202. EXERCISES.

I.

πεμμαι, ἐπέμφθην, to send. Πλησίον (adv.), near, ὁ πλησίον, the near (282), the neighboring, the neighbor. Χώρα, ας, ή, country, place.

1. Πέρσης ἔκρυψε κύπελλα. 2. Ο Πέρσης ἔκρυψε τὰ κύπελλα. 3. Ο κακὸς Πέρσης ἔκρυψε τὰ χρυσὰ κύπελλα. 4. Ὁ κακὸς Πέρσης ἔκρυψε τὰ χρυσὰ κύπελλα ἐν τῷ κήπῳ. 5. Ο κακός Πέρσης ἔκρυψε τὰ χρυσᾶ κύπελλα ἐν τῷ τοῦ Χειρισόφου κήπῳ. 6. Ὁ ἄρχων ἡγεμόνα πέμπει. 7. Ο τῆς χώρας ἄρχων ἡγεμόνα πέμπει. 8. Ὁ τῆς χώρας ἄρχων τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἡγεμόνα πέμπει. 9. Ἔστι στράτευμα ἐν τῷ παραδεί σῳ. 10. Ἔστι στράτευμα πολὺ ἐν τῷ πλησίον παραδείσῳ.