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1) The Subject, or that of which it speaks, as κριτής in the sentence κριτὴς ἀληθεύει.

2) The Predicate, or that which is said of the subject, as aλn@eve in the above sen

tence.

38. In Greek, as in Latin, the subject is often omitted, when the form of the predicate shows what subject is meant: thus the single word, 'Axŋ@eúw, I speak the truth, is in itself a complete sentence, because the ending & shows that the subject cannot be he, they, or you, but must be I.

39. When a sentence is thus expressed by a single word, that word is always a verb, and the omitted subject, implied in the ending of the verb, is always a pronoun of the same number and person as the verb itself; as, 'Aλŋ¤eveis, You speak the truth.

40. The Greek verb, like the English, has three Persons, First, Second, and Third, but, unlike the English, three Numbers, Singular, Dual (denoting two or a pair), and Plural.

41. The verb in w is inflected in the Present Indicative Active with the following

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* The ending ovσw, instead of ovo, is used when the next word be gins with a vowel.

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* It will be observed in these Paradigms that the Dual, which from the nature of its signification is really included in the Plural, has in the first person no special form distinct from that number.

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1. Αληθεύω. 2. Βουλεύω. 3. Βασιλεύω. 4. Θαυ μάζω. 5. Θαυμάζεις. 6. Βουλεύεις. 6. Βουλεύεις. 7. ̓Αληθεύεις.

14.

8. Βασιλεύεις. 9. Βασιλεύει. 10. Βουλεύει. 11. Θαυμάζει. 12. Αληθεύει. 13. Αληθεύετον. Βασιλεύετον. 15. Θαυμάζετον. 16. Βουλεύετον. 17. Βουλεύομεν. 18. Βασιλεύομεν. 19. ̓Αληθεύομεν. 20. Θαυμάζομεν. 21. Θαυμάζετε. 22. Βουλεύετε. 23. Αληθεύετε. 24. Βασιλεύετε. 25. Βασιλεύουσιν. 26. ̓Αληθεύουσιν. 27. Βουλεύουσιν. 28. Θαυμάζουσιν.

II. Translate into Greek.

1. I write. 2. We write. 3. He writes. 4. They write. 5. You two run. 6. They two run. 7. We rule. 8. You rule. 9. They rule. 10. I rule. 11. I speak the truth. 12. We speak the truth. 13. He rules. 14. He runs. 15. He speaks the truth. 16. They speak the truth.

* The pupil will observe that the definitions are given in the infinitive, to express the simple meaning of the verb without reference to person or number.

LESSON III.

Nouns.

45. In Greek, as in English, all names, whether of persons, places, or things, are called Nouns: as, "Ομηρος, Homer, ἄνθρωπος, a man.

46. Nouns have gender, number, person, and case. 47. The gender of nouns is either masculine, feminine, common or neuter.

48. In Greek, as in English, nouns denoting objects which have sex, except some names of animals and a few personal appellatives, are:

1) Masculine, if they denote male beings, as
ȧvýp, a man; viós, a son; Xéwv, a lion.
2) Feminine, if they denote female beings, as
γυνή, a woman; θυγάτηρ, a daughter;
Néawa, a lioness.

3) Common, if they apply alike to both sexes,
as μáρтus, a witness (male or female);
Jeós, a god or a goddess.

49. When gender is used to denote sex, as in the cases just noticed, it is called natural gender.

50. In nouns denoting objects without sex (neuter in English) and in many names applicable to animals of both sexes, the gender in Greek, as in Latin, is entirely independent of sex, and is accordingly called grammatical gender.

51. The Grammatical Gender of nouns is determined partly by their signification, but mostly by their endings.

52. The general rules for the grammatical gender

o

of nouns, independent of their endings,* are the same as in Latin, viz.:

1) Most names of rivers, winds, and months are

masculine; as ó Neîλos, the Nile; ¿ Nóτos, the south wind; o Bondpoμiáv, the name of the third Attic month.

2) Most names of countries, towns, islands, and trees are feminine; as, ǹ AlyvπTOS, Egypt; ἡ Μίλητος, Miletus ; ἡ Ἴμβρος, Imbrus ; novкn, a fig-tree.

3) Indeclinable nouns and clauses used as nouns, are neuter; as, τὸ Αλφα.

53. The Greek, like the English and the Latin, has three persons, First, Second, and Third, but, unlike them, three numbers, Singular, which means one, Dual, two, and Plural, more than one. Thus the plural, it will be observed, includes the dual.

54. The Cases in Greek are five in number: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, and Vocative. The place of the Latin Ablative is supplied partly by the Genitive, but mostly by the Dative.

55. The Nominative Case corresponds to the nominative in English both in name and use.

56. RULE.-Subject.

The subject of a finite verb is put in the nominative, e. g.:

Ποιητὴς γράφει.

| A poet is writing.

57. RULE.-Finite Verb.

A finite verb must agree with its subject in number and person.

REM. Thus, ypaper in the above example is in the third person singular, to agree with its subject oŋrns.

* Gender, as determined by the endings of nouns, will be noticed in connection with the several declensions.

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