383. RULE.-Time.

I. Time at which is expressed by the Dative, e. g.: Ταύτῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ οὐκ ἐμαχέ- | The king did not fight on σᾶτο βασιλεύς. that day.

II. Time during which (in the course of which), by the Genitive, e. g.:

Γίγνεται τῆς νυκτὸς χιών | There is a heavy fall of snow during the night.

πολλή.

III. Length of time, by the Accusative, e. g. : Κῦρος ἔμεινεν ἡμέρας πέντε. [ Cyrus remained five days. [H. 550, 591, 613: C. 378, 420, 439: S. 168, 191, 201.]

2. Κύρος

1. Κῦρος ἐξελαύνει παρασάγγας ὀκτώ. ἐξελαύνει εἰς Κολοσσάς. 3. Εξελαύνει παρασάγγας ὀκτὼ εἰς Κολοσσάς. 4. Ενταῦθα ἔμεινεν ἡμέρας ἑπτά.

5. Ενταῦθα Κῦρος ἐξέτασιν τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐποίησεν ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ. 6. Ενταῦθα ἔμεινε Κῦρος ἡμέρας τριάκοντα. 7. Οἱ Ἕλληνες ἐπὶ τὴν γέφυραν φυλακὴν ἔπεμψαν. 8. Ἡ ἀρετὴ ἐπὶ τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν ἄξει σε. 9. Ἡ οἰκία χειμῶνος εὐήλιος ἔστω. 10. Ἡ οἰκία τοῦ θέρους εὔσκιος ἔστω.

II.

1. Cyrus remained ten days. 2. Cyrus remained in the city ten days. 3. They sent messengers on the tenth day. 4. I will send a messenger into the city in the course of the tenth day.

LESSON LXXXI.

Complex Predicate.—Adverbial Expressions—Manner, Means, Cause.

386. RULE.—Μanner, Cause, &c.

I. The manner or means of an action and the instrument employed are expressed by the Dative, e. g. : Τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς ὁρῶμεν. | We see with our eyes. II. Cause and price, by the Genitive, e. g. :

Τῶν πόνων πωλοῦσιν ἡμῖν | The gods sell us all blessπάντα τἀγαθ' οἱ θεοί. ings for labor.

III. The agent of an action after passive verbs, by the Genitive with ró or some kindred preposition, as πρός, παρά, e. g. :

Ἐπαιδεύθην ὑπὸ τῆς ἐμῆς | I was taught by my coun

[H. 577, 578, 606, 656, b: C. 372, 374, 415, 562: S. 190, 198, 206.]

387. VOCABULARY.

Γυμνάζω, άσω, ασμαι, άσθην, | Νέος, α, ov, young, new.

to exercise, train, especially | Πέντε, five.

Πόνος, ου, ό, labor, toil.

Τρόπος, ου, o, turn, disposition,

character.

Εὐδαιμονίζω, ίσω, to think or Ὑπό (prep. with gen.), by, by

with gymnastics.

Εκούσιος, α, ον, voluntary.

Ἔπαινος, ου, ὁ, praise.

deem happy.

be pleased with.

Ἥδομαι, ἡσθήσομαι, ἦσθην, to Φόβος, ου, o, fear.

Κροκόδειλος, ου, ὁ, crocodile.

Mvâ, âs, η, mina=$17.

the agency of, under.

Χαίρω, χαιρήσω, κεχάρηκα, το

rejoice, rejoice in.

388. EXERCISES.

I.

1. "Ηδομαι φίλοις ἀγαθοῖς. 2. Οἱ νέοι ἐπαίνοις χαίρουσιν. 3. Φόβῳ ἀποστερεῖται τῶν συμβούλων ἡ πόλις. 4. Ο δοῦλος πέντε μνῶν τιμᾶται. 5. Σωφροσύνης ἆρα οὐ δεήσει ἡμῖν; 6. Θαυμάζω σε τῆς σωφροσύνης. 7. Οὐ ζηλῶ σε τοῦ πλούτου. 8. Εὐδαιμονίζω σε τοῦ τρόπου. 9. Γύμναζε σεαυτὸν πόνοις ἑκουσίοις. 10. Ο κροκόδειλος ἐθηρεύετο ὑπὸ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων.

Τ.

II.

1. We are pleased with the good. 2. We are pleased with the company of the good. 3. Let us not rejoice in the praises of the bad. 4. Tyrants are often praised by flatterers.

LESSON LXXXII.

Complex Predicate.-Oblique Cases with Prepositions as Adverbial Expressions.

389. Oblique cases with prepositions express a great variety of adverbial relations, as time, place, manner, cause, &c.

390. RULE.-Prepositions.

Of the Prepositions,

1) Four, ἀντί, ἀπό, ἐκ (ἐξ), πρό, govern the

Genitive, e. g.:

̓Απὸ τῆς πόλεως.

Πρὸ τῶν πυλῶν.

From the city.

Before the gates.

2) Two, ἐν, σύν (ξύν), the Dative, e. g. :

Ἐν τῇ πόλει.

Σὺν ἀνδράσιν.

3) Three, ȧvá, eis, &s, the Accusative, e. g. :

Εἰς Δελφούς.

Ως βασιλέα.

In the city.

With men.

To (into) Delphi.

To a king.

ὑπέρ, the Genitive or

Accusative, e. g.:

Ὑπὲρ τῆς Ἑλλάδος.

For the sake of Greece.

Ὑπὲρ Ελλήςποντον.

Beyond the Hellespont.

4) Four, διά, κατά, μετά,

5) δία, ἀμφί, ἐπί, παρά, περί, πρός, ὑπό, the Gen

itive, Dative, or Accusative, e. g. :

Παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως.

[H. 619: C. 648: S. 172, 194, 203.]

REM. 1.—In the poets, ἀνá and μετά sometimes govern the dative.

REM. 2. The prepositions are only auxiliaries to assist the case-endings in expressing the various relations. Hence it happens that the same preposition seems to have at times a force very unlike its ordinary meaning. Thus, in the above examples, παρά with the genitive is rendered from, but with the accusative, to. This difference, however, is not in the preposition itself, but in the case which it assists.

REM. 3.-Prepositions in composition often govern the same case as when they stand alone.

391. VOCABULARY.

Eis (prep. with accus., to, to | Πρέσβεις, εων, οἱ, Ρl. (Sing. the practice of.

poetic), ambassadors.

Εἰς ἀρετήν, to the practice of | Σαλαμίς, ῖνος, ἡ, Salamis, isvirtue, for virtue. Εὐδοξέω, ήσω, εὐδόξησα (218),

to be illustrious, famous. Μετά (prep. with accus.), after. Ναυμαχία, ας, ή, naval battle.

392. EXERCISES.

I.

land on the coast of Attica, celebrated for the victory of the Greeks over the Persians, B. C. 480.

1. Πρέσβεις ἐπέμπετε. 2. Αὐτοὶ πρέσβεις ἐπέμΠΕΤΕ. 3. Αὐτοὶ πρὸς Φίλιππον πρέσβεις ἐπέμπετε. 4. Αὐτοὶ πρὸς Φίλιππον περὶ εἰρήνης πρέσβεις ἐπέμΠΕΤΕ. 5. Παιδεύομεν ἀνθρώπους εἰς ἀρετήν. 6. Επαιδεύθη ὁ Κῦρος ἐν Περσῶν νόμοις. 7. Ἡ πόλις τῶν Αθηναίων εὐδόξησε μετὰ τὴν ναυμαχίαν. 8. Ἡ πόλις τῶν ̓Αθηναίων εὐδόξησε μετὰ τὴν ἐν Σαλαμῖνι ναυμαχίαν πρὸς τὸν Πέρσην.

II.

1. Let us educate our boys in the laws of our coun