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connectives, and neither modify nor are modified, though they are used (the former always and the latter often) as elements in objective or attributive expressions.

407. Interjections are expressions of emotion, or mere marks of address, and have no grammatical influence upon the rest of the sentence.

408. The name of a person to whom a sentence is addressed is often introduced into it, but forms no part of the sentence itself.

409. RULE.- Vocative.

The name of the person or thing addressed is put in the Vocative, e. g.:

Ταῦτα θαυμάζω, ὦ ἄνδρες | I wonder at these things,

Αθηναῖοι.

O Athenians.

[H. 543: C. 442: S. 204.]

CHAPTER II.

COMPLEX SENTENCES.

SECTION I.

COMPLEX SENTENCES-UNABRIDGED.

LESSON LXXXVI.

Sentence as Subject or Predicate.

410. Entire sentences are often used as elements in the formation of other sentences.

411. Sentences thus formed are called complex. (See 291.)

412. A complex sentence may take an entire sentence in place of any one of its elements, i. e.: 1) As Subject.

2) As Predicate.

3) As Object.

4) As Attribute.

Sentence as Subject or Predicate.

413. A declarative sentence may be used as the subject or as the predicate of a complex sentence, 1) Without either connective or change of

form, e. g.: Οἱ λόγοι εἰσί· Τοὺς "Ελληνας ἐκδίδωσιν.

The words are : “ He is delivering up the Greeks."

REM.-In this example the sentence Τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐκδίδωσιν becomes the predicate after eiơi.

2) By taking the connective or or os, and by changing its verb, in case the leading verb is in a historical tense, to the optative, e. g.:

Δῆλόν ἐστιν ὅτι πραγμά τί | It is evident that there is ἐστιν. some trouble. Δῆλον ἦν ὅτι πρᾶγμά τι It was evident that there εἴη. was some trouble.

REM. In the first example the sentence πрâуμá tí è̟otiv becomes the subject of the new sentence, and is introduced without any change of form by the connective or in the second example, however, it not only takes the connective, but also changes its verb eorív to the optative eiŋ, because the leading verb v is in a past tense.

3) By changing its subject to the accusative, its verb to the infinitive, and its predicateadjective or noun (if any) to the accusative, e. g.:

Βαρβάρων Ελληνας ἄρ

It is proper that the Greeks

χειν εἰκός.

should rule the barba

rians.

Αἴσχρόν ἐστι δικάστην ἄδι- It is base for a judge to be

κον εἶναι.

414. VOCABULARY.

unjust.

"Adikos, ov, unjust.

Αθροίζω, σω, σμαι, στην, το collect, assemble.

Δηλόω, ώσω, to show, make plain.

Ἑλληνικός, ή, όν, Grecian, Hel
lenic.

Εμπροσθεν, before, ὁ ἔμπρο
Jev, the former.

Επικουρέω, ήσω, to aid, assist.

Κόρινθος, ου, ή, Corinth, im- | Λέγω, λέξω, ἔλεξα, λέλεγμαι,

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1. Ο ̓Αμφίων διὰ λύρας τὸ Θηβαίων ἄστυ ἐτείχισεν. 2. Λέγεται τὸν ̓Αμφίονα διὰ λύρας τὸ Θηβαίων ἄστυ τειχίσαι. 3. Καλὸν ἀδελφοὺς ἀλλήλοις ἐπικουρεῖν. 4. Ηθροίσθη Κύρῳ τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν στράτευμα. 5. Ως ηθροίσθη Κύρῳ τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν στράτευμα ἐν τῷ ἔμπροσθεν λόγῳ δεδήλωται. 6. Ως Κῦρος ἐτελεύτησεν ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ δεδήλωται.

II.

1. Your father is in the city. 2. It is said that your father is in the city. 3. Where is the general ? 4. It is said that he is at Corinth. 5. It is said that the judge is unjust.

LESSON LXXXVII.

Sentence as Modifier of Subject or other Noun.

416. A sentence introduced to modify the subject or any other noun in a complex sentence, frequently takes the form of the relative clause, e. g. :

Ἡ ὁδὸς ἣν ὁρᾶς ὁρθία.

The way, which you see,

is steep.

Οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι ἐτείχισαν | The Lacedaemonians for

τὴν πόλιν, ἣ νῦν ̔Ηρά

κλεια καλεῖται.

tified the city which is now called Heraclea.

417. RULE.-Relative Pronoun.

The Relative agrees with its antecedent

1) In gender, number, and person, but its case depends upon the construction of the relative clause itself, e. g.:

Οὗτοι, οὓς ἄρτι ἔλεγον, | These whom I just menσοφώτατοί εἰσιν. tioned are the wisest.

2) Sometimes also in case, when it would otherwise be in the accusative, while its antecedent is in the genitive or dative, e. g.:

Αἴγισθος τούτων ήρχεν, ὧν | Aegisthus

σὺ λέγεις.

commanded

these whom you men

tion.

[H. 503, 808: C. 522, 526: S. 150, 151.]

REM.-Here &v, which is the object of eyes, would be regularly in the accusative, but is assimilated to the genitive to agree with τούτων.

418. The common position for the relative clause in Greek is directly after the antecedent, though one or more words are not unfrequently allowed to inter

vene.

419. The antecedent of the relative is often omitted, especially when it is a demonstrative, e. g.:

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REM.-Here & is the relative, and is the object of eypaya; its omitted antecedent is the subject of v.

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