Reduplication stand at the beginning, as in simple verbs.

FORMATION OF TENSES.

222. In conjugating a Greek verb, it will be found convenient to give the six tenses, Present, Future, Aorist, and Perfect Active, the Perfect Middle, and Aorist Passive, which may be called the Principal Parts.

223. In the Paradigm of a verb like Bovλeúw,

1) The Root may be found by dropping w of the
present; as, βουλεύω; root, βουλευ.
2) The Principal Parts may be formed by ap-
pending to the root the following endings,
prefixing at the same time the Reduplica-
tion for the Perfect, and the Augment for
the Aorist:

224. From these parts the several tenses may be formed as follows:

I. From the Present Active may be formed,
1) The Imperfect Active, by changing o into ov
and prefixing the Augment, e. g.: Bov-
λεύω; Imperfect, ἐβούλευον.

2) The Present Middle and Passive, by chang-
ing ω into ομαι, e. g. : βουλεύω, βουλεύ
opal (both Mid. and Pass.).

3) The Imperfect Middle and Passive, by changing w into óunv and prefixing the Aug

ment, e. g. : βουλεύω, ἐβουλευόμην. II. From the Future Active may be formed the Future Middle, by changing ow into copal, e.g.: βουλεύσω, βουλεύσομαι.

III. From the Aorist Active may be formed the Aorist Middle, by changing oa into ouμny, c. g.: éßovλευσα, ἐβουλευσάμην.

IV. From the Perfect Active may be formed the Pluperfect Active, by changing kκа into Kew and prefxing the Augment, e. g. : βεβούλευ-κα, ἐβεβουλεύ

κειν.

V. From the Perfect Middle and Passive may be formed,

1) The Pluperfect Mid. and Pass. by changing μai into μŋv and prefixing the Augment,

μαι μην

ε. §.: βεβούλευμαι, ἐβεβουλεύμην.

2) The Future Perfect Mid. and Pass. by changing μαι into σομαι, e. g.: βεβού

λευ-μαι, βεβουλεύ-σομαι.

VI. From the Aorist Passive may be formed the Future Passive, by changing Inv into Inooμai and dropping the Augment, e. g. : ἐβουλεύθην, βουλευ θήσομαι.

225. Verbs in to and uw lengthen the final vowel of the root in all the tenses except the present and imperfect, e. g.: кwλw, to hinder, Fut. kwλtow, Perf. κεκώλυκα, &ε.

LESSON XLIII.

Verbs.-Exercises.

226. VOCABULARY.*

Αληθεύω, σω, to speak the truth, | Λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα, λέ

Ικετεύω, σω, to beseech, sup- Φιλοσοφία, ας, ή, philosophy,

plicate.

love of wisdom.

227. EXERCISES.

I.

1. Οἱ παῖδες ἠλήθευον. 2. ̓Αλήθευσον. 3. Αλη θεύωμεν. 4. ̓Αληθεύσαιμι. 5. Ο στρατιώτης ἠρίστευσεν. 6. Ἠριστεύομεν. 7. Ικέτευον τοὺς θεούς. 8. Ικετεύετε τὴν τῶν θεῶν συγγνώμην. 9. Τούτους τοὺς νόμους λύσατε. 10. Κῦρος ἐθήρευεν. 11. Δαρεῖος ὑπώπτευε τελευτὴν τοῦ βίου. 12. Ο πατὴρ συνεβου λεύετο μετὰ τῶν φίλων. 13. Ἡ τῶν ̓Αθηναίων πόλις

* The pupil will find it a useful exercise to give, as described in 223, the principal parts in full of every verb which he has occasion to use; all irregularities of formation will be marked in the vocabularies, but in the regular verbs only the Present and Future will be given.

ἐν τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἐδυνάστευεν. 14. Η φιλοσοφία τοὺς Αθηναίους ἐπαίδευσεν.

II.

1. He is supplicating the king. 2. The boys were supplicating their father. 3. Let us supplicate the judge. 4. The enemy have broken the truce.

LESSON XLIV.

Impure Verbs.-Mute Verbs.

228. The last letter of the root or stem, found by dropping o in Pres. Ind. Act., is called the Verb-characteristic.

229. Verbs are divided into Pure and Impure according as the verb-characteristic is a vowel or consonant: Bovλeuw is therefore a pure verb.

230. Impure verbs are subdivided into

1) Mute verbs, whose characteristic is one of the nine mutes, as, ayw, I lead.

2) Liquid verbs, whose characteristic is a liquid, as, ayyénλw, I send.

231. Mute verbs again arrange themselves in three classes, according as the characteristic is

1) A Pi-mute—π, ß, þ, as, ypáþw, I write.
2) A Kappa-mute-к, Y, X, as, ayw, I lead.
3) A Tau-mute-T, 8, 9, as, revdw, I deceive.

REM. The characteristic is sometimes strengthened in the present: thus the Pi-mute becomes т; the Kappa-mute, σσ, TT, or ; the Tau-mute, C.

232. In the Paradigm of Bouλeuw, the Perfect Act.

ends in ka. This is the common ending, except in Mute Verbs of the Pi and Kappa classes, which take å instead of ka. In these verbs the Pluperf. Act. is formed by changing a into ev and prefixing the Augment. See 224, IV.

233. Verbs with a Pi-mute characteristic suffer the following

EUPHONIC CHANGES.

1) Before σ in the endings, the characteristic coalesces with it and forms ; as, тpißw (I rub); Fut. (τρίβσω) τρίψω.

2) Before μ it is assimilated; as, тpißw, Perf. Pass. (τέτριβμαι) τέτριμμαι.

3) Before and also in Perf. and Plup. Act. it becomes the aspirate ; as, Tpißw, Aor. Ρass. (ἐτρίβθην) ἐτρίφθην, Perf. Act. (τέ τριβά) τέτριφα.

4) Before the smooth muter it becomes itself the smooth mute π; as, Tрíßw, Perf. Pass. Third Person (τέτριβται) τέτριπται.

234. Some verbs take a shortened form in the Perfect, Pluperfect, Aorist, and Future tenses, which is distinguished from the more common form as the Second Perfect, Second Pluperfect, &c. The pupil, however, must not suppose that the First and Second Perfects are two distinct tenses: they are but different forms of the same tense; so too with the 1st and 2d Pluperfect, 1st and 2d Aorist, 1st and 2d Future.