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rying stone, marble, or slate; mining coal, iron, copper, lead or other minerals, or manufacturing the same, or engaged in the manufacturing of articles composed in the whole of iron or part of iron and wood; or for manufacturing cotton or woolen fabrics in whole or in part, or both; and carrying on business connected with the main objects of such corporation may, in its corporate name, take, hold and convey such real estate and personal estate as are necessary or convenient for the purpose for which it was incorporated, and may carry on its business, or so much thereof as is convenient, in any county in this State, or beyond the limits of this State, and may there hold any real or personal estate necessary or convenient for conducting the same.

The directors of any such company may authorize its president, or other proper officer, to purchase or subscribe for, in the name of the company, such an amount of the stocks of any railroad, or other transportation company as they deem necessary, in order to procure proper facilities for transportation for the manufactories, mines, or other works of the company; but the written consent of the holders of two-thirds the capital stock of the company to such subscription or purchase must first be had.

Any two or more such corporations may be consolidated. When such agreement for consolidation has been duly ratified in the manner specified in the preceding section, the corporation so agreeing to surrender its name and rights shall cease to be a corporation, and to exercises corporate rights. Such companies are authorized to construct railroads, but cannot condemn the right of way. IV. FOREIGN CORPORATIONS:

No foreign corporation shall transact business in Ohio without a certificate from the Secretary of State, in whose office the corporation must first file a sworn copy of its charter or certificate of its incorporation, and a statement under its corporate seal setting forth the amount of its capital stock, the business which the corporation purposes to conduct in Ohio, a place within the State for its principal place of business, and designating some person upon whom service of process can be made according to the code of civil procedure. A foreign corporation failing to comply with this statute cannot maintain an action in the courts of Ohio.

I. MAPS AND PLANS:

MINING.

The agent or owner of any mine having an excavation of fifteen thousand cubic yards or more shall make an accurate map of the workings of such mine on a scale of not less than two hundred feet to the inch, showing the area excavated and its relation to adjoining lands, the names of the owner or owners of such lands, if known, marked on the map, and renewing such map annually, show the progress and plan of each mine for the year. Said map shall be open to the mine inspector, and unless it be made within sixty days after notice, such owner is liable to a fine of five dollars for each day until such map is made.

II. OUTLETS AND VENTILATION:

Every mine worked by shaft shall have at least two outlets to every seam of coal worked in the mine, and not nearer together than one hundred feet, by which distinct means of ingress and egress are always available to persons employed therein. This provision is not applicable to opening a new mine where not more than twenty persons are employed at a time. These outlets must be furnished with such machinery as may be necessary for the purpose as is provided from time to time by statute. Such agent or owner of every coal mine, shaft, slope or drift shall maintain ventilation of not less than 100 cubic feet per minute to each person working in such mine, and so circulate and distribute the same, as to expel the noxious and poisonous air from all the working places in the mine; make a break through every sixty feet of advance; close air-tight all break-throughs except the last made, and keep the current of air sweeping to the interior of the mine. The statute also provides for speaking tubes in deep shafts, cages, proper gates, safety catches for the cages, and passage wings at bottom of shaft so that persons boarding or leaving the cages may have unobstructed way.

No boy under twelve years of age shall be permitted to work in a mine, nor shall any boy between twelve and sixteen be so permitted if he cannot read and write.

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II. AFFIDAVITS:

May be made out of the Territory before any judge, justice or chancellor of a court of record, a justice of the peace, notary, mayor or chief magistrate of a city or town corporate; a commissioner appointed by the Governor of the Territory, or any person authorized by a special commission from the Territory. In the Territory, may be taken before the same officers, and in addition, before a county clerk.

III. ALIENS:

There is no discrimination against aliens. IV. APPEALS:

Lie from justices of the peace and Probate Courts to the District Court. On questions of law only, where the amount involved is more than one hundred dollars and not exceeding one thousand dollars appeals may be taken from the Probate Court direct to the Supreme Court in the same manner as appeals from the District Court. Where the amount or value in controversy exceeds five thousand dollars appeals lie from Supreme Court of Territory to United States Circuit Court of Appeals, and also to the Supreme Court of the United States direct. V. ARRESTS:

A party may be arrested for debt when the same was fraudulently contracted, or where he is fraudulently making away with or concealing his property, or converting it into money, to defraud his creditors.

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Must be for the benefit of all creditors. If there be any preference the property of the insolvent is thereby converted into a trust fund to be administered in equity for the benefit of all creditors. A debtor may prefer creditors in the usual way, however, as by mortgage. The statute does not prohibit such preferences. VII. ATTACHMENT:

The plaintiff may have an attachment at or after the commencement of suit in the following cases, when the defendant, or one of several defendants: 1. Is a foreign corporation, or non-resident of the Territory; but no attachment shall issue on this ground for any claim other than a demand arising upon a contract, judgment, or decree, unless the cause of action arose wholly within the Territory, which fact must be established upon the trial. 2. Has absconded with intent to defraud his creditors. 3. Has left the county of his residence to avoid the service of summons. 4. So conceals himself that

service cannot be had upon him. 5. Is about to remove his property, or a part thereof, out of the jurisdiction of the court, with intent to defraud his creditors. 6. Is about to convert his property, or a part thereof, into money, for the purpose of placing it beyond the reach of his creditors. 7. Has property, or rights of action, which he conceals. 8. Has assigned, removed, or disposed of, or is about to dispose of his property, or a part thereof, with the intent to hinder, delay or defraud his creditors. 9. Has fraudulently contracted the debt, liability, or obligation, for which suit has been, or is about to be brought.

Attachment issues also: 1. Where the damages for which the action is brought are for injuries arising from the commission of a felony or misdemeanor, or the seduction of a female. 2. When the debtor has failed to pay the price or value of an article or thing delivered, which, by contract, he was bound to pay for on delivery.

Where the claim is not yet due plaintiff may have an attachment if the debtor has sold, conveyed or otherwise disposed of his property, with the intent to cheat or defraud his creditors, or delay them in the collection of their debts, or is about to make such disposition of his property with such intent, or is about to remove his property or a material part thereof with such intent.

In all cases of attachment an undertaking must be given to the satisfaction of the clerk, in a sum not exceeding double the amount of the plaintiff's claim, to the effect that the plaintiff will pay the defendant all damages which he may sustain by reason of the attachment, if the order be wrongfully obtained. Attachments have priority in the order in which they are delivered to the sheriff. Garnishment proceedings may be prosecuted in conjunction with direct attachment, but municipal corporations are exempt. By a recent act of the legislature, which went into effect March 8th, 1895, all debts fraudulently contracted are deemed to be due at the time when they are contracted.

VIII. CLAIMS AGAINST ESTATES:

The executor or administrator must give notice by publication to all persons having claims against said estate to exhibit them, such notice to be published not less than once a week for four weeks. Claims must be presented within six months after first publication of said notice when estate exceeds in value five thousand dollars, and four months when it does not. Proof of due notice to creditors must be filed with the court, and upon such proof, the court enters a decree to that effect. Claims for debts not due must be presented within one month after due. Claims due must be supported by the affidavit of the claimant or some one in his behalf, to the effect "that the amount is justly due, that no payments have been made thereon which are not credited, and that there are no offsets to the same, to the knowledge of the claimant or affiant." If a claim not due, when presented, or be contingent, the particulars of same must be stated. If affidavit is not made by the claimant, the affiant must state the reasons why it is not made. claim is rejected by the administrator or court, suit must be brought in a court having jurisdiction thereof within three months, or if not due, within two months after it becomes due, or be forever barred. If made to appear by affidavit that a creditor had no notice, by reason of being out of the Territory, such a claim may be presented at any time before decree of distribution. Any claim for a deficiency or balance due, after the sale of mortgaged or pledged property, must be presented within one month after deficiency is ascertained.

IX. DEEDS:

If a

Deeds of real property or interests therein must be executed by husband and wife. To entitle them to be admitted to record they must be acknowledged before a notary public, judge of the United States court of record or the clerk thereof; or judge or clerk of a State court of record; or a commissioner appointed by the Governor of this Territory to take acknowledgments; or some officer authorized by the laws of the state or territory where the acknowledgment is taken to take acknowledgments. If taken in the Territory, mayors of cities, registers of deeds, county clerks, justices of the peace, county auditors and United States commissioners may also take the acknowledgment.

Instruments duly acknowledged may be recorded with the register of deeds of the proper county, and when so recorded impart notice to all persons of their contents, and may be read in evidence without further authentication. Deeds by corporations must be under their seal, signed by the presiding officer thereof, and may be acPowers of knowledged and recorded as other deeds are. attorney to convey land must be executed the same as deeds, but if the power be granted by a corporation, the corporate seal need not be affixed to the deed made by its attorney, though it must be to the instrument creating the power. If the grantor in a deed be a single person the notary should so certify. No particular form of deed is required. In a warranty deed subsequently acquired title inures to the benefit of the grantee. In quit-claim deeds the grantee takes subject to outstanding equities, but all the interest of the grantor passes.

X. DEPOSITIONS:

Are taken on notice or special commission. Notice must allow adverse party sufficient time to attend by usual route, and one day for preparation, exclusive of Sunday and day of service. Notice may be given to a non-resident by publication for three successive weeks.

Depositions may be taken out of the Territory by judge of a court of record, justice of the peace, notary public, mayor of a corporate town, commissioner appointed by the Governor of this Territory to take depositions, or a special commissioner from the Territory. The officer must not be a relative or attorney of either party, or interested in the proceeding. The special commissioner mentioned above may be appointed by a court of record or the judge thereof, and the commission is issued by the clerk, under the seal of the court. Depositions taken before him must be upon written interrogatories, unless the parties otherwise agree. Depositions can only be used where the witness does not reside in the county where the action is pending for trial, or where the witness is dead, or cannot, by reason of age, infirmity, or imprisonment, attend the trial; or when the evidence is to be used upon motion. The deposition must be written in the presence of the officer taking the same, either by him, the witness, or some disinterested person, and subscribed by the witness.

XI. DESCENT:

or

The estate of any person dying without having disposed of his estate by will, subject to the payment of his debts, descends in the following manner: 1. If the decedent leave a surviving husband or wife and only one child, or the lawful issue of one child, in equal shares to the surviving husband or wife and child, or issue of such child; if husband or wife survives and more than one child or one child and the lawful issue of one more deceased children, one-third to the surviving husband or wife, and remainder in equal shares to the children, and to issue of deceased children by right of representation; but if there be no child of decedent living at his death, the remainder goes to his lineal descendants, who, in the same degree of kindred to decedent, share equally, otherwise, they take by representation. If neither husband nor wife survives the whole estate goes to issue, per capita if more than one, and to children of deceased issue by right of representation. 2. If decedent leave no issue, the estate goes in equal shares to surviving husband or wife, and to decedent's father, and if neither issue nor surviving spouse, whole estate goes to decedent's father. If there be no father, then one-half goes in equal shares to the mother, if living, brothers and sisters of deceased, and to the children of any thereof deceased by right of representation. 3. If neither issue, spouse nor parents survive decedent, estate goes in equal shares to brothers and sisters of decedent and to the children of such deceased, by right of representation. If the mother survive, she takes an equal share with the brothers and sisters. 4. If decedent leave neither issue, spouse, father, nor brothers or sisters living, the estate goes to his mother to the exclusion of the issue, if any, of the deceased brothers or sisters. 5. If decedent leave surviving spouse, and neither issue, parents, brothers, nor sister, the whole estate goes to the surviving spouse; and if none the estate must to of the these survive, go next of kin, in equal degree, excepting that when there are two or more collateral kindred in equal degree, but claiming through different ancestors, those who claim through the nearest ancestors must be preferred to those claiming However: 6. If any surthough an ancestor more remote. viving child of decedent dies under age, and unmarried, all the estate that came to the deceased child by inheritance from the decedent descends in equal shares to the other children of the same parents, and to the issue of any such other children who are dead, by right of representation; and if all such other children are also dead, and any of them left issue, the estate which came to such child by inheritance from the dead parent descends to said issue of all other children of the same parents; and if all the issue are in the same degree of kindred to the said sole child, they share the estate equally, otherwise they take by representation. 7. If decedent leave no husband, wife, or kindred, the estate escheats to the Terrischools. Dower and tory for the support of common curtesy are abolished. XII. EXEMPTIONS:

To the head of every family there is exempt: Homestead of one hundred and sixty acres in the country or one acre in a town, with improvements thereon; tools and apparatus of trade or profession; library, pictures, and wearing apparel; five cows and their calves under six months old; one yoke of oxen with yokes or chains, two horses (or mules), one wagon, cart, or dray, and one carriage or buggy; one gun, ten hogs, twenty sheep, saddles and harness; provisions for family and stock for one year: and wages and earnings for personal or professional services for ninety days preceding date of seizure. Exemption does not apply to non-resident, or to a debtor who is removing his family from the Territory, or who has absconded with his family.

OKLAHOMA TERRITORY LAWS.

To a single person not the head of a family is exempt: Wearing apparel, tools and books of trade or profession; one horse, bridle and saddle, or one yoke of oxen, and current wages. Pension money also is exempt.

No exemption is allowed for taxes, purchase money of homestead, for work or material used in construction on or improving the same, or for mortgaged indebtedness; but in the last two cases the consent in writing of the wife must be had in the same manner as to conveyances of land. There is also no exemption for rents, or advancements made by landlord, nor for the wages of any clerk, mechanic, laborer or servant.

XIII. GARNISHMENT:

A municipal corporation cannot be garnisheed. A creditor may proceed by garnishment against any person who shall be indebted to or have in his possession or under his control any property belonging to the debtor, either at the time of the issuing of the summons or at any time thereafter before final judgment, in any action to recover damages founded upon contract, express or implied, and upon a judgment or decree, by making, or having made in his behalf, and filing with the clerk of the court, an affidavit stating the amount of his claim over and above all set-offs, that he verily believes that the person proceeded against in garnishment is indebted to or has property, real or personal, in his possession or under his control belonging to the defendant, that the defendant has not property liable to execution sufficient to satisfy his claim, and that the property or indebtedness of the person proceeded against in garnishment is not exempt from seizure on execution. If the garnishee shall fail to make affidavit of rebuttal and shall in fact be indebted to the defendant or have property belonging to him, he shall make an affidavit setting forth the facts in reference to such indebtedness or property, but if he fail to do so the court will render judgment against him for the whole amount of the judgment which the plaintiff shall recover against the defendant, together with all costs. XIV. INTEREST:

The legal rate is seven per cent; but there is no limitation upon the contract rate. ments draw the original contract rate up to twelve per Usury is abolished. Judgcent. If no rate be contracted for judgments draw seven per cent.

XV. JUDGMENTS:

Judgments of courts of record are liens upon real estate from the first day of the term, except where rendered by confession or at same term in which cases are commenced, in which cases they are liens from date of rendering judgment. Unless execution be taken out within a year, the lien lapses. Judgments become dormant in five years from date of rendition or from last execution, and cease to be a lien. They may be revived in one year after becoming dormant by notice and motion. Judgments of justices may be filed in the District Court of the county where rendered, and thence certified to other District Courts. When so filed or certified, they have the same force and effect as if originally rendered in the District Court. Such a lien dates from the time of filing transcript, and execution on such judgment can only issue from the District Court.

XVI. JURISDICTION OF COURTS:

Justices of the peace have criminal jurisdiction of examining magistrates and in civil cases up to one hundred dollars.

The Probate Court has general probate jurisdiction and civil jurisdiction concurrent with the District Court up to one thousand dollars; in misdemeanors and powers of an examining magistrate. also criminal jurisdiction The District Courts have a general chancery and common law jurisdiction; also the jurisdiction of the Circuit and Districts Courts of the United States. The judges of the District Courts constitute the Supreme Court, and the Supreme Court has general appellate powers. XVII. LIMITATIONS:

Actions upon contracts not in writing, and upon liabilities created by statute, other than a penalty or forfeiture, must be brought within three years; en contracts in writing, within five years; for trespass upon real property, taking and detaining personal property or injuries thereto, fraud, injuries to rights of another not otherwise provided for, within two years, but time does not run against fraud until it is discovered; for libel, slander, assault or assault and battery, malicious prosecution, or false imprisonment, within one year; on official bonds, and undertakings in attachment, or injunction, within years: forcible entry and detainer, within two years; actions to recover real property (not sold for taxes), within five fifteen years, but if property was sold for taxes, two years from date of recording tax deed. Other actions, within five years.

The statute does not run while party is out of Territory, or conceals himself so that he cannot be sued. If the action fails otherwise than upon the merits thereof, plaintiff has one year in which to commence a new action. Part payment, or acknowledgment and promise in writing

to pay a debt, renews it. All actions barred without the Territory barred here.

XVIII. MORTGAGES:

Of real estate must be signed by husband and wife if on homestead. ("IX. Deeds.") They can only be foreclosed by suit, and may stipulate for attorney's fees. Chattel mortgages are good for three years, and may be renewed by affidavit. nesses, but need not be acknowledged. To affect persons Must be witnessed by two witwithout notice the deed must be filed with the register of deeds of the county wherein the property is located. XIX. NOTES AND BILLS:

A negotiable instrument may be with or without a date, and with or without designation of time or place of payment; may contain a pledge, or collateral security, with authority to dispose of the same; any other contract than such as is specified by law. If but must not contain no time of payment is specified, payment is due immediately; and if no place of payment is designated it is payable at the residence or place of business of the maker, or at any place where he may be found. The signature of every drawer, acceptor, and indorser is presumed to have been made for a valuable consideration before the maturity of the instrument in the ordinary course of business. Demand for payment upon the principal debtor is not necessary to charge him.

Three days of grace are allowed, Sundays and holidays excluded, unless there is an express stipulation to the contrary on all bills or drafts, payable at sight, whether foreign or inland; all promissory notes, bills of exchange and drafts on the face of which time is specified, and all notes due on demand after demand is made. Presentment for acceptance must be made by the holder or his agent on a business day at a reasonable hour to the drawee, or, if he is absent from his residence or business, to some person having charge or employed at his place of busi

ness.

XX. REDEMPTION:

From tax sale, two years from date of sale, or at any time before deed is executed. No redemption from mortgage foreclosure.

XXI. REPLEVIN:

An order of replevin is issued upon affidavit of the plaintiff, his agent or attorney, showing: 1. Description of the property. 2. That the plaintiff is the owner of the property or has a special ownership or interest therein, stating the facts in relation thereto, and that he is entitled to the immediate possession thereof. 3. That the property is wrongfully detained by the defendant. 4. That it was not taken under an execution, on any order of attachment against the plaintiff, or for the payment of any tax, fine, or amercement assessed against him, or by virtue of an order of delivery issued under Article 10 of the Statute, or any other mesne or final process issued against the plaintiff. 5. If taken on execution or any order of attachment against the plaintiff, that it is exempt by law from being so taken. 6. Actual value of the property, and where several articles are claimed, the value of each shall be stated as nearly as practicable.

The order is not issued until an undertaking is filed with the clerk by plaintiff with sufficient sureties in not less than double the value of the property, to the effect that the plaintiff will duly prosecute his action and pay all costs and damages which may be awarded against him, and if the property be delivered to him that he will return the same to the defendant if return thereof adjudged. be

CORPORATIONS.

I. ORGANIZATION:

Private corporations for mining, quarrying and other business purposes are created by filing with the Secretary of the Territory a copy of the articles of incorporation, setting forth the name, purpose, principal place of business, term, number, names and residences of directors and the amount of capital stock and number of shares, which articles must be subscribed by at least three persons, one-third of whom must be residents of the Territory, upon which the Secretary of the Territory issues the certificate of incorporation. A inust begin business within one year from the date of its corporation charter.

Mining and manufacturing corporations are organized as other corporations and are subject to their duties and liabilities, but their term of existence shall not exceed twenty years. Such corporations may have their business office within or without this Territory. They may have a right of way to run a tunnel to any place they may desire. They must begin work within ninety days from the date of the charter and finish within two years forfeit all right save as to lands owned by such corporations. If the corporation has its place of business in the Territory it shall be allowed four years in which to complete the work.

or

Every grant of corporate power is subject to alteration, suspension or repeal in the discretion of the legislature. Corporations may be dissolved in the usual way.

II. OFFICERS:

There must be not less than three nor more than eleven directors, who shall be elected for one year and shall be stockholders.

III. DIVIDENDS:

No dividend shall be declared except from surplus profit, and any director who shall permit any dividend from the capital stock, or create any debt beyond the capital stock, shall be liable personally to any party damaged, unless he shall cause his dissent to be entered on the minutes. Any officer making a false representation in an official report or on the books of the corporation shall be liable to any person for all damages he may sustain.

IV. CAPITAL STOCK:

The capital stock may be increased or diminished by a two-thirds vote, but shall in no case be decreased to a less amount than the indebtedness. Stock is negotiable, but only affects third parties when transferred on the books of the association.

V. LIABILITY OF STOCKHOLDERS:

Each stockholder of a corporation is individually and personally liable for the debts of the corporation to the

extent of the amount that is unpaid upon the stock held by him.

Stockholders in mining and manufacturing corporations are jointly and severally liable in their individual capacities for all debts due to mechanics, workmen or laborers employed by such corporations; and said liability may be enforced at any time after an execution against the corporation has been returned unsatisfied. This action must be commenced within four months, and the stockholders are liable for contribution to each other. VI. RECORDS AND REPORTS:

Every such corporation must once each year publish a statement of its business, indebtedness and profits.

The Legislature may at any time cause an investigation of the affairs of a corporation. A corporation must keep a record of its business proceedings, which shall be open to every member and creditor.

VII. FOREIGN CORPORATIONS:

No foreign corporation shall transact any business in this Territory until it shall have filed in the office of the Secretary of the Territory an authenticated copy of its charter and shall have appointed an agent to reside in the Territory. A duly authenticated copy of the appointment of such agent shall be filed with the Secretary of the Territory and with the register of deeds of the county where such agent resides.

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There is no insolvent or bankruptcy act in Canada. Provincial acts provide for a ratable distribution of the estate of the insolvent among his creditors. Gift, conveyance, or transfer of goods, chattels, effects, bonds, notes, securities, or of any other property, real or personal, made by a person in insolvent circumstances, to give any creditor a preference, is illegal and void. Any person may make an assignment for the benefit of creditors to the sheriff of the county, or to any other permanent resident of the Province, with the assent of the creditors. Notice must be sent to all creditors by the assignee. Claims are proved by affidavit, and any securities held by the creditors must be mentioned in the affidavit and valued. Wages or salary to the extent of three months have priority over other

claims. A debtor cannot obtain a discharge without the consent of every creditor. A chose in action may be assigned by any form of writing.

IV. ATTACHMENT:

Lies where a debtor is about to remove his goods from one county to another or out of the Province with intent to defeat or defraud his creditors, or to avoid arrest. The attachment is obtained upon affidavit proving that fact to the satisfaction of the judge. A resident debtor in Ontario who leaves the Province, possessed to his own use of any real or personal property, is deemed an absconding debtor: and his personal property may be seized and taken by a judge's order, upon affidavit setting forth the facts. Debts due to the debtor may be attached by garnishee process.

V. CLAIMS AGAINST ESTATES:

Wills are proved and letters of administration are granted by the Surrogate Court of the county wherein the deceased had his last place of abode. Security is to be given in the case of administration of the estate of a deceased intestate. All debts are paid pari passu. Foreign executors have to prove the deceased's will, or administer the estate in this Province by taking out letters of administration with the will annexed. Claims are enforced by suing the appointed executor or administrator. Succession duties are imposed.

VI. COURTS AND FEES:

In the Superior Courts and the County Courts actions are commenced by writ of summons. The County Courts have jurisdiction where the claim is liquidated or acknowledged by the defendant up to four hundred dollars. Unliquidated claims up to one hundred dollars, claims liquidated or acknowledged by the defendant up to two hundred dollars, and damages to the extent of sixty dollars can be sued for in the Division Courts. Defendants residing in Ontario have ten days to appear to the writ of summons in the Superior and County Courts. If residing without the jurisdiction the time for appearance is regulated by rule of the court but may be shortened by order of the court on application made for that purpose. Where the claim is for a debt or liquidated demand and especially endorsed on the writ final judgment may be signed on default of appearance, and execution against goods and lands may be issued forthwith; where the defendant has no defense speedy judgment and execution may be had after the appearance has been entered upon a motion made to the court, upon affidavits proving the claim and that there is no defense. In the Division Courts there are no pleadings and the court sits frequently. In suits in these courts only disbursements are recoverable by the successful party; and fees ranging from two dollars and a half to six dollars, according to the amount of the debt, have to be paid to the clerk of the court on entering the claim for suit. These payments generally cover all the court costs in a suit, the bailiff's fees, etc., but not solicitor's fees.

Priority amongst judgment creditors has been abolished so far as regards the rights of those placing writs of execution in the sheriff's hands within one month after any levy by him; and each of such are entitled to a proportionate share of such levy. Speedy judgment and execution is still very desirable. Plaintiffs resident without the Province of Ontario may be compelled to give security for costs, usually by bond of two or more properly qualifiedpersons resident within the jurisdiction of the court, in the sum of four hundred dollars in the High Court, and

two hundred dollars in the County Court, or by paying into court half the amount required by bond.

VII. DEEDS:

Every deed must be under seal. One witness is sufficient. It should be in duplicate so that it may be registered. An affidavit, or acknowledgment of execution, made by the witness must be endorsed or attached before registration can be effected. The affidavit may be made in any foreign country, before the mayor of any city, borough or town corporate, certified under the common seal; or before any British consul or vice-consul resident in such country, or before a judge of a court of record, or a notary public, certified under his official seal.

VIII. DEPOSITIONS:

Commissions for taking evidence of absent, non-resident or other witnesses unable to attend for testimony at the place or time of trial of any cause, issue from the Queen's Bench, Chancery or Common Pleas Division of the High Court of Justice. Instructions as to the execution of the commission are contained within it.

IX. DESCENT:

The real and personal estate of an intestate goes, if widow and children survive, one-third to the widow absolutely, and the residue equally amongst the children, or, if dead, to their lineal descendants. If no children, then half to the widow and the remainder to the next of kin. If no widow, all goes to children, and if neither widow nor children, all to the next of kin and their representatives. In the case of wife dying without children, one-half goes to the husband. Her separate estate, in case she leaves a husband and children surviving, is distributable in the same manner as is the property of a husband dying intestate.

X. EXECUTION:

May issue forthwith upon the signing of judgment, and remain in force for three years; and may be renewed. The execution binds the debtor's goods, and forms a lien on and binds his lands in the county to the sheriff of which the execution is directed, from the time of the delivery of the writ to the sheriff. Goods are to be disposed of before lands. The sheriff cannot sell lands within less than twelve months from the delivery of the execution to him. Executions are payable in the order in which they have been delivered to the sheriff, subject to the operation of the "Creditors' Relief Act" which provides for equal distribution among creditors whose writs are in the sheriff's hands within thirty days after levy.

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Any resident may be sued on a cause of action arising in a foreign country, and the plaintiff may sue either on a foreign judgment or the original cause of action. Where the service in the original foreign action has been personal, no defense that might have been set up to the original suit shall be pleaded to that brought on the original judgment. A judgment recovered against any person outside of the Province, even though it be in any other province of the Dominion, is a foreign judgment. A judgment 'stands for twenty years and may be renewed. Where a foreign judgment is sued upon, the action must be brought within six years, otherwise it will be barred by the statute of limitations.

XV. LIENS:

Mechanics, machinists, contractors, builders, architects, etc., are entitled to place liens on buildings for work done and materials furnished. The liens are registered in the local registry office during the progress of the building or within one month after completion or the furnishing of the material. Liens for wages can also be registered in like manner. All liens must be enforced

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Actions on contracts, book accounts, notes and other instruments not under seal for arrears of rent and for interest on money charged on land, must be commenced within six years from the time right of action accrued, or payment on account, or acknowledgment of such indebtedness in writing. Actions of trespass, assault and battery, wounding and imprisonment, within four years; and of slander within two years next after the cause of action arose. Actions to recover money due upon a mortgage, or for money charged upon land, must be commenced within ten years from the accruing of the right to receive it, or the time of part payment, or acknowledgment in writing. Actions to recover land must be commenced within ten years.

Provision is made for parties being under disability, lunatics, minors, etc. Five years are allowed from the time of expiration of disability, or death, but twenty years bar all claimants.

XVII. MARRIED WOMEN:

Without marriage settlement, retain all their property free from debts and control of husbands. A woman married since March 2, 1872, may hold any property free from any estate or claim of her husband, during her life. Personal earnings of a married woman are protected. They may be held and disposed of as if she were a femme sole. She may hold stock and make deposits in banks, etc., draw checks in her own name, and make a valid will. Separate examinations in case of disposal of real estate are now unnecessary, and a judge may order that her husband's concurrence, in case he be a lunatic or living apart from her, may be dispensed with. Every married woman's separate estate is liable for any debt incurred by her before marriage. She may sue or be sued alone in respect of her separate property, or on contracts made with herself.

XVIII. MORTGAGES AND BILLS OF SALE:

Such deeds in order to be valid must be filed with the clerk of the County Court of the county within which the goods are situate, within five days from the day of execution by the mortgagor. There must be an affidavit proving such execution, and also of the mortgagee or bargainee proving the bona fides of the debt for which the mortgage or bill of sale was given. This affidavit should not be made until the instrument is executed. The goods covered by a chattel mortgage are subject to the landlord's priority for rent. A chattel mortgage will be void as against creditors and purchasers if not renewed from year to year by the filing of a statement exhibiting the interest of the mortgagee, and an affidavit showing that the mortgage has not been kept alive for any fraudulent purpose. In the case of real estate mortgages, the same formalities for execution and acknowledgment as for deeds are required. They can be enforced by foreclosure or sale, and to preserve priority must be registered in the proper office. After foreclosure or sale, there is no redemption.

XIX. NOTES AND BILLS:

No stamps are now necessary. The law in reference to these instruments is very similar to that prevailing in the United States. A demand draft is without days of grace. A sight draft is entitled to three days of grace. Notice of dishonor is necessary to hold the endorser, but not the maker. A bill or note falling due on a legal holiday (Sunday, Christmas Day, New Year's Day, Good Friday, Queen's Birthday, or any day made a holiday by royal proclamation) is payable on the following day. XX. TAXES:

Lands are liable to be sold after three years for nonpayment of taxes. One year from sale is allowed for redemption. The purchaser at tax sale, on redemption (within the year), is entitled to ten per cent interest in addition to the amount paid by him. Each tax collector may levy by distress upon the goods of the person liable to pay the taxes, or upon the goods of the occupant of the premises, except upon goods exempt from seizure under execution, and belonging to other parties, on consignment for sale only.

XXI. WILLS:

Every person of sound mind and over twenty-one years of age may make a will. It must be in writing and must be signed by the testator at the end, or in case he is incapacitated from writing, by some one acting on his direction. Two witnesses are necessary, who should be disinterested. Any devise or legacy to a witness is void. but the devisee or legatee is competent as a witness. The witnesses must sign the will in the presence of each other and of the testator. Marriage of the testator or estatrix revokes a will, except one made in the exercise of power of appointment.

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