1966 Latin ........... Greek French .......... German 2362 2016 0.5 6.1 25.2 19.6 19.0 29.6 31.8 51.4 70.4 5979 3.3 23.5 32.2 18.5 10.2 17.3 59.0 72.5 82.7 ........... 738 13.8 37.4 24.9 8.3 7.1 8.5 76.1 84.4 91.5 2.6 24.4 34.5 18.1 9.9 10.4 61.5 79.6 89.5 4.3 24.7 28.9 14.4 11.1 16.6 57.9 72.3 83.4 30 0.0 10.0 30.0 6.7 20.0 33.3 40.0 46.7 66.7 6044 6.8 15.0 25.9 12.9 11.4 27.9 47.7 60.6 72.0 748 10.3 22.7 26.3 10.3 7.9 22.5 59.3 69.6 77.5 550 2.5 16.9 33.1 16.5 10.7 20.2 52.5 69.0 79.7 16 0.0 25.0 37.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 62.5 75.0 87.5 17 5.9 23.5 35.3 5.9 23.5 5.9 64.7 70.6 94.1 3.2 12.9 19.4 16.1 12.9 35.5 35.5 51.6 64.5 6.7 33.3 40.0 13.3 6.7 0.0 80.0 93.3 100.0 ..... ........ Spanish Mathematics Physics Chemistry Biology Botany Geography Zoology Drawing Music ....... ......... Total 8.3 29.9 19.6 17.8 23.7 38.9 58.5 76.3 7.7 12.2 68.4 80.1 87.8 4.9 4.0 84.4 91.1 96.0 3.3 31.4 37.9 14.8 7.1 5.4 72.6 87.4 94.5 5.5 31.9 30.0 12.6 8.3 11.7 67.4 80.0 88.8 16 0.0 12.5 25.0 12.5 18.8 31.3 37.5 50.0 68.8 8682 9.4 18.5 28.7 13.2 9.7 20.6 56.6 69.8 79.4 521 13.2 26.7 28.4 9.0 4.6 18.0 68.3 77.3 81.9 ....... 357 3.7 21.0 36.1 15.7 8.9 14.6 60.8 76.5 85.4. 0.0 22.2 44.4 0.0 22.2 11.1 66.6 66.6 88.8 9 11.1 33.3 44.4 0.0 0.0 11.1 88.8 88.8 88.9 5.2 15.8 26.3 21.1 0.0 31.6 47.3 68.4 68.4 14 7.1 85.7 35.7 14.3 32 8.1 15.6 40.6 6.3 10 0.0 20.0 10.0 40.0 30.0 The History Teachers' Magazine Published monthly, except July and August, EDITED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION, composed of: PROF. HENRY JOHNSON, Teachers' College, Columbia University, Chairman. PROF. FRED. M. FLING, University of Nebraska. MISS ANNA B. THOMPSON, Thayer Academy, South Braintree, Mass. PROF. GEORGE C. SELLERY, University of Wisconsin. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE, two dollars a year; single copies, twenty cents each. REDUCED RATE of one dollar a year is granted to members of the American Historical Association, and to members of local and regional associations of history teachers. Such subscriptions must be sent direct to the publishers or through the secretaries of associations (but not through subscription agencies). POSTAGE PREPAID in United States and Mexico; for Canada, twenty cents additional should be added to the subscription price, and for other foreign countries in the Postal Union, thirty cents additional. CHANGE OF ADDRESS. Both the old and the new address must be given when a change of address is ordered. ADVERTISING RATES furnished upon application. BOOK REVIEWS EDITED BY PROFESSOR WAYLAND J. CHASE, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. EATON, RACHEL CAROLINE. John Ross and the Cherokee Indians. Menasha, Wis.: The Collegiate Press, 1914. Pp. 212. $1.50. Early in the nineteenth century, the State of Georgia, coveting the Indian lands within her area, became involved in a controversy with the United States government. In spite of decisions of the Supreme Court declaring that the Cherokees were under the protection of Congress and denying Georgia's right to extend her jurisdiction over their lands, the State prevailed over the nation, for President Jackson refused to enforce Judge Marshall's decisions. So the Cherokees were compelled in 1835 to yield, and migrated to what came to be called Indian Territory. Their leader in this struggle had been John Ross, of mixed Scotch and Indian blood, and he continued to be their chief till the end of our Civil War. The story of these struggles, first for independence and then for satisfactory adjustment to the new conditions which they found in their western home, is clearly and interestingly told. JOHNSTON, HENRY PHELPS. Nathan Hale, 1776. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1914. Pp. X, 296. $2.35. In this revised and enlarged edition, most of the reproductions which appeared in the first edition of 1901 have been omitted. In their place is given the great body of Hale's correspondence. Both beautiful memorial and biography, this volume constitutes the chief source to which the enquirer must go for authentic information about this Connecticut schoolmaster who entered Washington's army, became captain of volunteers, was captured on Long Island while seeking information within the enemy's lines and was hanged by the British as a spy. ROBINSON, W. S. A Short British History. Period I to 1603. London: Rivingtons, 1914. Pp. 180. ls. 4d. This little limp-covered book with its several good maps and many excellent illustrations is the product of an experienced maker of school histories, and seems a successful adaptation of his material to English school boys of the lower forms. MEMPES, MORTIMER. Lord Roberts. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1915. Pp. 61. 75 cents. This contribution to the handsome little Portrait Biographies Series is a slender sketch, agreeably enough written, of the author's personal impressions of Lord Roberts. The eight portraits it contains are good. INNES, ARTHUR D. A History of England and the British Empire. In four volumes. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1913-1915. $1.60 per volume. We have here, now complete in four volumes, a wellwritten account of the British Empire by a veteran author, whose other productions have already given him a secure standing. As he notes in the Preface to the first volume, there are several extended works produced by co-operation -as the Oman Series or the Political History of England; but while these works by specialists have their advantages, they are liable to an uneven or else a repressed treatment that a continuous work by a single author is more apt to escape. His aim has been to write a book for younger students, and accordingly there is no apparatus of bibliography or footnotes. Consequently we need not class it with such scholarly works as, e. g., Ramsay's several volumes. It is rather to be regarded as a welcome addition for a class, say, in English literature; or wherever an able, readable, popular, and up-to-date narrative is required. The author has shown where his interests chiefly lie in his allotment of space; the several volumes closing, respectively, with 1485, 1688, 1802, and 1914. In this respect we are fortunate, for a whole volume is thus found devoted to the nineteenth century and after; and he who reads it will find much of interest bearing on the troubled period preceding the present war. In all the volumes we find frequent chapters devoted to commerce and industry, as might be expected in the case of a writer who is already an author of an industrial history. The style is simple and dignified, as befits the historian of a great empire; it is at the same time frank and sincere, so that although you may not always agree with him -as in his pages upon our Civil War-you feel that you are reading the views of a cultured gentleman who is stating the facts as he sees them. Each volume is equipped with tables, an elaborate index, and with folding maps; and the added notes are of special interest. Of the latter, we may instance the following: (Vol. I) King Arthur, The West Saxon Conquest in the English Chronicle, Lords' Rights, Freeholders, Who Were Barons? The Plantagenet Armies, Justices of the Peace, The Development of Trial by Jury, The Scottish Parliament; (Vol. II) Trials of Peers, Composition of the House of Commons, The Army; (Vol. III) Concerning the Army and Navy, Lord Peterborough in Spain, On Some Officers of State, The Armed Neutrality; (Vol. IV) Trafalgar. We predict for the later volume the same welcome accorded to the earlier. Stanford University. HENRY L. CANNON. HENRY, H. M. The Police Control of the Slave in South Carolina. Emory, Va.: The author, 1914. This is an analytical study of the police power of the State over the slave. It is based upon an examination of secondary works, local newspapers, and original printed and manuscript material. The subject is treated topically and chronologically under each topic. A list of the chapter headings shows how intricate were the relations of slaves and the ruling powers: "Legal Status of the Slave," "The Overseer," "The Patrol System," "Punishment of Slaves," "Court for the Trial of Slaves," "Relations between Negroes and Whites," "Trading with Slaves," "Slaves Hiring Their Time," "The Slave Trade-Foreign and Interstate," "Stealing and Harboring of Slaves and Kidnapping of Free Negroes," Runaway Slaves," "The Seamen Acts," Gatherings of Negroes" "Slave Insurrections," "Abolition and Incendiary Literature," "Prohibition of Educating the Negro," Manumission." The volume gives an excellent picture of the actual workings of the slave system; and for persons in the North particularly it will furnish a wealth of detail for visualizing the institution of slavery. M. ROGERS, R. W. History of Babylonia and Assyria. Sixth edition, 2 volumes. New York: The Abingdon Press, 1915. $10.00. Fifteen years ago, the first edition of Rogers' history marked an epoch in the development of Oriental scholarship in America. Valuable detailed work had been done in language, literature, and topography, but no history which was based on the sources and broad in its point of view had yet appeared. The merits of the book were immediately evident, the full acquaintance with the cuneiform sources, a sturdy individualism which went its own way, the strict subordination of detail to the important or the illustrative, a common sense which refused to be led astray by seductive hypotheses, even when "made in Germany." It was natural that it became the source of many a manual, whose borrowing, not always marked by quotation marks, is humorously discussed in the preface. But fifteen years have made vast changes in our knowl edge of these countries. New excavations, such as those of the Germans at Babylon and at Ashur, the earliest Assyrian capital, have added much new information. Still greater quantities of source material have come from the treasure-house of the British Museum, now adequately catalogued, a beginning has been made in the exploitation of the great Nippur collection now in the University of Pennsylvania, native Arabs have been digging, and their finds are scattered in every museum of America and Europe. We can read the Assyrian and Babylonian fluently and Shumerian, fifteen years ago refused by many scholars the name of a true language, is now recognized as the early non-Semitic language of Babylonia, and is read with a fair degree of certainty. With this increase in material, historical criticism is possible. All the new discoveries have been utilized for the new edition. The old virtues are still there, and with them a certain mellowness which indicates that the author has long pondered over the material, and made it his own. The first volume is largely taken up with the romantic story of the discovery and decipherment of the cuneiform inscriptions, the best account yet written. Any normal boy with a taste for adventure and for digging ought to find this fascinating, and if it leads him to the delightful narratives of Layard, so much the better. The brief sketch of the characters and of the languages may well be utilized by the shrewd teacher in guiding the universal tendency of youth to invent strange languages and ciphers. The accounts of country and of people are good. In the second volume, we have the history proper in narrative form. In general, this a rests directly on the inscriptional data, but now and then we have a striking illumination which makes us regret Tak that the author has so rigidly restrained his historical imagination. No other volume gives so clear and interresting an account of this period of history. Finally, one should not forget to mention the excellent illustrations, photographs of eminent scholars, of scenes in Assyrian islands, and of inscriptions, giving an excellent idea of the actual appearance of cuneiform documents. It would be easy to find points of disagreement, for ProTfessor Rogers has gone his own way in controverted matters. There are a few unimportant slips, but very few, indeed, considering the complexity of the subject. Already new discoveries have antiquated some parts of the book, Leven while printing, for example, the new material from Nippur published by Poebel, which so modifies our conception of early Babylonia; but we must expect this in a subject where any day a new tablet long hidden in the storerooms may revolutionize our knowledge of a period. We shall probably wait many years before we have a better presentation of Assyrian history. If the library can afford but two works on ancient Oriental history, one should be Rogers' "History of Babylonia and Assyria." University of Missouri. A. T. OLMSTEAD. VERGNET, PAUL France in Danger or French Nationality Menaced by Pan-German Aggression. Translated by Beatrice Barstow. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1915. Pp. xx, 167. $1.00, net. This book was first published in France in October, 1913, and therefore is a forecast rather than a history. The author wrote it to warn the people of France of the PanGerman plans against France, and to awaken the nation to its danger. He describes the Pan-German agitation in its many phases, quoting freely from their books and pamphlets. He first describes the Pan-German spirit, and shows how "every German citizen is brought up from his school-days with this idea, that Germany must exercise world dominion, or rather, that she must rejuvenate and remodel the world." Next he describes the organization of the Pan-German League and its affiliated societies, and shows how belief that the Germans are God's chosen people destined to conquer the earth and take what they want has been propagated among the masses of the German people to prepare for the great war. Then the author goes on to tell what the Pan-German organization has done how it has dictated the diplomatic coups of late years against France, how it has worked on the people through the press, how it has campaigned successfully for a larger army and navy, and how it has succeeded in coercing Austria-Hungary. Lastly, the author discusses what the Pan-Germans want to do. Here, again, he quotes amply from books, newspapers, and speeches to show how the cult of force has spread, how the annexation mania has been developed among Germans, and how German influence has been penetrating Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, and France preparatory to the great struggle for the domination of Europe. He closes by showing how economic forces were leading Germany toward war, and After this account, it is obvious that this book is strongly anti-German, but it is an interesting and valuable addition to the literature on the causes of the great CLARENCE PERKINS. that soon. war. Ohio State University. BEVERIDGE, ALBERT J. What Is Back of the War. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1915. Pp. 430. $2.00, net. Senator Beveridge went on an investigating tour in Europe during the winter 1914-1915, and this book is one of its fruits. He tried to interview representative men and women of various opinions and varied occupations in Germany, France and England, in order to learn what they thought of the war, its causes and its probable results. He tried to get at "what is back of the war." He also visited the trenches, saw the big guns in action, and in general had exceptional chances to get glimpses of what was going on. The Senator describes his short trip through Holland, then visits to the German lines in France and in the East, where he came near seeing a battle. Then he tells of his conversations with many Germans of all sorts from the Kaiser down. This part of the book fills 215 pages. France is treated in a similar way in 107 pages, and then England in 83 pages. The final chapter is entitled, "Probabilities." Senator Beveridge has given a good, clear account of conditions and public feeling in the three countries. Perhaps it was the general American tendency to sympathize with the Allies that led him to devote so much more space to Germany. Perhaps it was his obvious admiration for German efficiency and preparedness for war. It seems to the reviewer that, either the Senator entertains a slight bias favorable to Germany, or else he is making an exceptional effort to state the German point of view as he heard it. Otherwise why does he devote so much more space to interviews with men like Bernard Shaw in England and none to men like Liebknecht in Germany? Why do none of the interviews give a survey of the diplomatic history of the Balkans and show the conflicting issues there? Surely these were "back of the war." The book is extremely readable and interesting. It gives important facts in narrative and popular form, and will prove very useful as a work of reference. CLARENCE PERKINS. Ohio State University. ROSE, J. HOLLAND. The Origins of the War. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1915. Pp. 201. $1.00. Within eight brief chapters of exceedingly readable matter, the author of the "Life of Napoleon I," the "Development of European Nations," etc., has traced the succession of significant events and forces in German and European international relations from 1875 until the outbreak of the war. Whether or not one interprets this period as Mr. Rose does, the work will be found strikingly suggestive and instructive. 66 There are eight chapters or lectures. The first covers the period 1875 to the accession of Emperor William II. The second is a vividly drawn portraiture of this energetic, persuasive, personally charming Hohenzollern, one who has energized the German people to a degree never before known in their history." The third deals with the influence of the German universities and political-philosophers, the pressure of increasing population, German colonial activity in the Far East, South Brazil, South and East Africa -the beginning, that is, of Weltpolitik. The fourth takes up the first Moroccan affair, the Bagdad railway and the Pacific penetration of the Near East. The remaining four chapters treat successively of Alsace-Lorraine, Balkan history, 1908-1913, the crisis of 1914, and the rupture. Plentifully scattered throughout may be found illuminating quotations from speeches, letters, diplomatic documents, etc. . Monographs like this one are valuable for both the teacher's own use and for supplementary reading for the pupil. Whether sympathy is with the Central Powers or the Entente Allies, a book that challenges attention and stimulates thought, that helps to get proportion and perspective, is worth while. DAVID R. MOORE. Oberlin College. MCCORMICK, PATRICK J. History of Education. The Catholic University Press, 1915. Pp. xxxiv, 391. $1.90. In this treatise professing to present a general view of the history of education, it seems to the reader that serious omissions have been made, and certain phases of educational history unduly emphasized. The treatment of the educational history of China, Japan, Egypt, India, Persia, Babylonia, Assyria, and Judea occupies twenty-eight pages. Primitive education is not mentioned. Nine pages suffice for the development of Roman education. Christian and medieval education claim one hundred pages, while the "Development of Modern School Systems" is hurriedly treated in twenty-three pages. In the latter, the part played by the church is over-emphasized. Certain facts and interpretation thereof are omitted, and this contributes to the general effect of one-sidedness. In addition to lack of proportion, the work contains many broad statements and biassed interpretations which might be misleading to the casual student of history. The treatment of medieval education leaves the impression that the period was one of bustling educational activity, and that its chief characteristic was progress. The medieval period was primarily one not of progress, but of absorption and repression, and this was reflected in the education of the time. Nowhere in the book can one find evidence of the fact that the education of the Middle Ages possessed very little of the intellectual element. Indeed, the opposite impression is given. The reader is also surprised to learn that natural science enjoyed a far more important position in the medieval curriculum than he has been accustomed to ascribe to it. ... Let us examine a few random quotations from the text. "The (scholastic) method was not that of mere dictation by the professor and the slavish copying by the student, but a learned exposition of the . . question under study. . . . Disputations afforded the widest range for proposing difficulties and objections and freedom for discussing a question from many viewpoints." True, but these free discussions were dominated by the principle of credo ut intellegam. Scholastic training strove to avoid developing an attitude of mind that would be critical of the fundamental principles already established by authority. In his treatment of the medieval guild, the author says, "He (the apprentice) should only be declared a master when he had completed an independent piece of craftsmanship, a masterpiece." This is true in general of the continental guilds, but most of the guilds of medieval England did not require a chef-d'œuvre. Later, he says, "Some other notable effects of the Reformation were to obtain the support of the State for the maintenance of schools, since the Church of the Reformers was unable to support them." To be sure "the Church of the Reformers was unable to support them," but that does not explain the appearance of State education. ROBERT F. SEYBOLT. The University of Wisconsin. BLUMNER, H. Home Life of the Ancient Greeks. Translated by Alice Zimmern. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Co., 1914. Pp. xxiii, 578. $2.00, net. Both the author and the translator of this book, of which the first edition appeared in 1894, are well known scholars. The former is a German antiquarian of note, with many publications to his credit; the latter, a lecturer at Girton College, Cambridge, has translated many works from the German. Among the numerous books on Greek civilization this one has a distinct place of its own. Leaving out political life almost entirely, it keeps closely to private life. It is true to its title, "Home Life,” as the following chapter headings show: Costume, Birth and Infancy, Education, Marriage and Women, Daily Life Within and Without the House, Meals and Social Entertainments, Sickness and Physicians, Death and Burial, Gymnastics, Music and Dancing, Religious Worship, Public Festivals, The Theatre, War and Seafaring, Agriculture, Trade and Handicrafts, Slavery. The time treated is the "Classic" period from the sixth to the third century B. C., with occasional descriptions of the Homeric Age for purposes of comparison. The sources upon which the work is based are literary, artistic and epigraphic. And, as most of these, especially the first two, are Athenian, the book might be called, as the author confesses in the introduction, "Life in Ancient Athens." However, Sparta receives due attention, and some information of other parts of Greece is obtained from that most accurate source, the inscriptions, which are found not only in Attice, but throughout all Hellas. The illustrations are well chosen and ample, for there are over two hundred. They consist chiefly of vase paintings, which supply a great quantity and variety of scenes; and these vases date from the period described. Statues are used only to illustrate costume, and small terra-cotta figures to give genre pictures. To give a clear and direct account of Greek life that cannot fail to win the interest of the general reader and at the same time to command the respect of the learned is no small achievement. And this is what the author and translator have succeeded in doing. High school pupils will find it enjoyable reading. It is more adapted to American high school classes than most books written in England. The full index makes its use for reference easy. Too much praise cannot be given the translator for her excellent work that is so well done that the reader forgets that it is a translation. VICTORIA A. ADAMS. Calumet High School, Chicago. BURGESS, JOHN W. The Reconciliation of Government with Liberty. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1915. Pp. xix, 394. $2.50. In his brief introduction Professor Burgess says that it has been the search of the ages to find a political system in which government and liberty are reconciled-that is adjusted to each other in such a way that neither is sacrificed. This reconciliation has not been attained, and he thinks the only hope of attaining it lies in a careful study of the his tory of political development. Therefore, he has prepared as brief a statement of this history as he thinks is prac ticable. The book is written for the "mass of men," and contains an enormous amount of detail of political history with a somewhat disproportionately small amount of philosophical discussion. It is too heavy and intricate for mass of men" to read, which is unfortunate. No student of government is justified in failing to get Professor Burgess' point of view, whether he approves it or not. The author believes that liberty can be assured only if government has three characteristics-a power back of both liberty and government, presiding over both, and amending the constitution at will; a bill of rights limiting govern ment in the interest of liberty; and such a system of checks and balances as prevent government from encroaching on liberty. He considers our government of dependen ecies despotism, "bald and bare and unmistakable" (363), ad since it does not respect these characteristics of good gov. ernment. He thinks our Federal Constitution as it was Gracting say in 1898 the nearest approach to liberty yet atLa tained, but that the income tax amendment went far toward overthrowing the second element in good governdiment, encroaching markedly on liberty. "It is folly for us to imagine that we have any longer a Constitution in and regard to the relation between government and the indiSvidual in his rights to property, or even to his own physical and mental efforts. That is all gone and past, and it remains now to be seen what the reflex influence of this vast change will be upon the other parts of the Constitution." EDGAR DAWSON. *pi (371.) RECENT STUDIES IN ROMAN HISTORY. Harrer, G. A.—“ Studies in the History of the Roman Province of Syria." Princeton University Press, 1915. A list of the governors and procurators of the province, 69-c. 300 A. D. Of value to the research worker for its collection of evidence. Keyes, C. W.-" The Rise of the Equites in the Third Century of the Roman Empire." Princeton University Press, 1915. An historical account of the change from senatorial to equestrian officials in provincial governorships and military commands, and a discussion of the separation of civil and military commands in the provinces. The inauguration of the new policy is attributed to Gallienus. Mierow, C. C.-" Eugippius and the Closing Years of the Province of Noricum Ripense." Reprinted from "Classical Philology," Vol. X, No. 2, April, 1915. An interesting account, based on the Vita Severini, of Eugippius. The paucity of troops, the weakness of the civilian population, the frequent raids of the barbarians, and the attempts of the clergy at mediation are graphically described in the writings of Eugippius. Oldfather, W. A., and Canter, H. V.-"The Defeat of Varus and the German Frontier Policy of Augustus." University of Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences, Vol. IV, No. 2. Urbana, 1915. The defeat of Varus had no appreciable effect on the German frontier policy of Augustus. The subsequent campaigns in Germany were successful punitive expeditions, not unsuccessful, aggressive attacks. Augustus wished to make Germany a buffer state," not a province. These are the conclusions of the authors. They have made a critical examination of the sources; have presented the views of others in an exhaustive discussion of current and past opinion; " and have supported their own interpretation with every adducible proof. If their arguments fail to convince, it is because there are no convincing proofs to be found. University of Pennsylvania. J. J. VAN NOSTRAND. FRANK, TENNY. Roman Imperialism. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1914. Pp. ix and 365. $2.00. The appearance of this important book is particularly timely. That the subject of imperialism is very much to the fore is evidenced by the appearance of second editions of Mommsen's "Roman Provinces" and of Bryce's two essays on "Roman and British Imperialism." as also by the recent books of Ferguson, Reid, Cromer, Lucas, Täubler, and Arnold. In contrast to most of the studies of Roman imperialism which deal pre-eminently with the empire of the Caesars, this volume is entirely devoted to the Republican period, except for a very brief concluding chapter (pp. 348-356), covering the period from Augustus to Hadrian. This book is in a sense a protest against the prevalent generalizations on the subject, against the “modernizing” of the history of Roman expansion by projecting into it modern conceptions and factors inoperative at that period, and against the notion that aggressive war was the normal state of affairs in Rome's advance from the beginning of her career. For the first time we have here a connected account of the territorial growth of Republican Rome, based on the sound method of treating each stage of this expansion as an individual instance, paying due heed to chronology and to all the motives and factors involved, pro and con. Many new views, which are anything but orthodox, are advanced. But the author is always careful to point out his own conjectures and to support his views with evidence presented in the valuable notes which follow each chapter. 66 The first four chapters of the book are devoted to a discussion of the origin and early institutions of Rome, to the story of her gradual growth to a position of leadership in the Latin League, and to an account of her defensive wars against the Samnites, of the Latin revolt, and of her epoch-making creation of the federation which stood the test of the second and third Samnite wars and of the Gallic invasions and secured her domination over central Italy (290 B. C.). Prof. Frank rightly points out the importance during these early centuries of Rome's history of the peculiar fetial institution, which acted as a restraining influence against Roman aggression and the desire for territorial aggrandizement. Some of the best pages of the book deal with the reconstruction period following the Latin war, to the political reorganization of the defeated allies by some far-sighted statesmen, who, for the first time in history, showed how a republican city-state might build a world empire, and who thus shaped the policy which endured for centuries." To this reconstruction period, the author attributes the invention of the four types of government and of de jure status, viz., the Roman municipium, the civitas sine suffragio, the socii Latini nominis, and the Roman citizen (maritime) colony; the extension of the system of separate alliances (foedera aequa) to several Greek and Campanian cities; and the exploitation of the public domain by the two methods of "Latin" colonies and of individual allotments (viritane assignments). Some of these conclusions are debatable. On the question of the acquisition and exploitation of the public land, Niese's views are accepted. Prof. Frank denies the existence of any large amount of ager publicus in the fourth century, rejects the more or less orthodox view that Rome deprived the conquered communities of a share (usually one-third) of their territory, and rejects also the fourth-century (Licinian-Sextian) agrarian laws, which he assigns to the period after the Hannibalic war. Prof. Frank has not disposed of the arguments of Soltau and Cardinali in favor of the generally accepted view. Moreover, by minimizing the importance of the agrarian qucstion during the fourth century B. C. and by refusing to accept economic history (cf. p. 56, n. 3) as an avenue of approach for the solution of Rome's early history and foreign policy, Prof. Frank is led to reject the almost certain conclusions of Rosenberg, Neumann and Eduard Meyer that the legislation of 287 B. C. represents the ultimate triumph of the rural, not the city, plebs. Hence, in dealing with the territorial expansion of the third century, B. C. (Chapters V-VII), the motivation of the foreign policy leading to the war with Pyrrhus, and, later, to the first Punic war as attributable to the jingoism of the triumphant democracy and its leaders, and the conclusion that "this liberal democratic movement which had manifested such propensities for new experiments, for political adventures, and for territorial increase until 260, |