وو was apparently checked during the sobering and oppressive [first Punic] war seems a dangerously modern misreading of the true development. On the other hand, the treatment of Rome's reorganization of Italy (c. 270 B. C.) is admirable, as is also the discussion of the causes and results of the Hannibalic war. Prof. Frank, incorporating Rostowzew's conclusions, points out the great importance of the acquisition of Sicily, because it brought Rome face to face with the Hellenistic theory of ownership as a result of conquest (very different from the Italian theory of "public land"), as also with Hellenistic international institutions and forms of association. 66 After the Hannibalic war, the Roman senate assumed and maintained control of the foreign policy, except for the short and violent episode of the Gracchi, until it was finally overthrown by the aggressive imperialists of the first century B. C. (Chapters VIII-XV). Prof. Frank's contention that jealousy and hatred of Philip and the philhellenism of the senatorial leaders induced the Senate to override popular opposition and to listen to the appeal to join the concert of the civilized Mediterranean powers against the aggressions of the king of Macedon, is sound. But to insist on the illegality of this war is to over-emphasize the importance of the ius fetiale. The new sentimental diplomacy and anti-imperialistic foreign policy which had "liberated" Greece and thus recognized Greek particularism found little favor with the more practically-minded statesmen of Rome. With the fall of Scipio, the reaction set in, under the leadership of Cato, towards a more practical policy which, after a period of watchful waiting and occasional intervention, ended finally in the reduction of Macedon to a province, in the dissolution of the Achaean League, in the destruction of Corinth and Carthage, and in Rome's assertion of suzerainty in Asia Minor. Henceforth the possibility of real foedera aequa, of genuine amicitia, of arbitration, and of healthy emulation between states passed away from the ancient world." That motives of political expediency and not economic considerations were the driving forces behind Rome's foreign policy until the close of the second century B. C. is Prof. Frank's thesis (elaborated in the special chapter, XIV). Strong arguments are presented against the current view that the desire for territorial aggrandizement, commercialism and mercantilism, and the desire for new fields of investment and exploitation on the part of the equites were responsible for the change of Roman policy which ended in the aggressions of 148-146 B. C. But, as in the case of the ius fetiale, Prof. Frank overdoes when he denies that these economic factors were not active influences affecting foreign policy until the close of the second century, B. C. His apologia for G. Gracchus is not convincing. His admission that Gracchus, contrary to the will of Attilus III, "made vital changes when he extended the tribute over the free Greek cities" (and with it the contract system of tax collecting by the equites), thus "carrying the theory of dominium in solo provinciali a step further than even the Seleucids and Attalids" hardly inspires confidence in the contention that "the accusation that Gracchus passed this [tax] law in order to catch the votes of the Roman corporation is a modern invention." More attention might also have been given to the constitutional question involved in aggressive imperialism and annexation, which were largely responsible for the senate's anti-imperialistic policy, and which explains the failure of Sulla and Lucullus to incorporate their eastern conquests as provinces within the empire. Prof. Frank's sane estimate of the policies of Lucullus is a welcome corrective to Ferrero's extravagant portrayal of "the creator of the new imperialism." The program of aggressive imperialism and annexation was definitely launched by Pompey whose policy was equivalent to the assertion of the principle that Roman conquest implied Roman ownership. Prof. Frank sees in Cæsar "the first candid imperialist of Rome... there can be little doubt that the Gallic war is the clearest instance of deliberate expansion in the history of the Roman Republic." As a preliminary to his planned reorganization of the state, "Cæsar had already invited divine honors at Rome in order to elevate himself above the need of observing constitutional requirements which obstructed his way toward needed reforms." "A new Alexander," Julius Cæsar was 66 the founder of a military absolutism of the oriental type which, by its very nature, had to live and justify itself by military success and world-wide imperialism." In a brief concluding chapter, the story of Roman imperialism is carried to the reign of Hadrian. With Hadrian, "the long history of Roman expansion which had, from the beginning, rested upon defensive rather than aggressive tactics, ended in a policy of seclusion and selfdefense." In his effort not to modernize, Prof. Frank is led into the opposite fault of underestimating the importance of the economic factor in the history of Roman expansion. And though the many solid contributions of his book sufficiently prove the inadequacy or fallacy of many of the current generalizations against which he protests, the author himself comes dangerously near a simple formula," by overemphasizing the defensive character of Roman imperialism because of his insistence on the continued operation and influence of the ius fetiale and its practices. The style, though straightforward and clear, suffers from the compression of an immense amount of material into less than three hundred pages of actual text, so that a second reading is often necessary to get the full bearing of the facts presented. Altogether this is a book which demands and deserves careful reading and the most serious consideration. ROBERT F. SCHOLZ. University of California. BOOKS ON HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PUBLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES FROM OCTOBER 30 TO NOVEMBER 27, 1915. LISTED BY CHARLES A. COULOMB, PH.D. Brown, Charles R. The northern confederacy, according to Chinard, Gilbert. Notes sur le voyage de Chateaubriand en Amérique (juillet-décembre, 1791). Berkeley, Cal.; Univ. of Cal. 267-349 pp. 80 cents. Evans, Maurice S. Black and white in the Southern States; a study of the race problems in the United States from a South African point of view. N. Y.: Longmans. 299 pp. (42 pp. bibl.). $2.25, net. Farish, Thomas E. History of Arizona. In 2 vols. Phœnix, Ariz.: [The State]. Each $1.50. Greene, Nelson. The story of old Fort Plain, and the middle Mohawk valley. Fort Plain, N. Y.: O'Connor Bros. 399 pp. $1.50. Grinnell, George B. The fighting Cheyennes. N. Y.: Scrib432 pp. $3.50, net. ner. 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Barker continues his "Source Readings in Texas History," the extracts being taken from a description written in 1836 of a visit to Texas. Prof. F. Duncalf discusses the future training and certification of history teachers in Texas; and Prof. Charles G. Haines briefly reviews the efforts to improve the teaching of Civics in public schools. LATEST PUBLICATIONS Larson's History of England By LAURENCE M. LARSON, University of Illinois. (American Historical Series.) $1.40 This textbook provides about the right amount of material for a high-school course. The author has attempted especially to do two things: to make clear the connection of English history with related events and movements on the Continent; and to give an adequate account of those developments in the history of Britain that have a peculiar significance for the history of our own country. Several pages are given to the events leading up to the Great War of 1914 and to its development in its early stages. W. A. MORRIS, University of California:—The author is remarkably successful in emphasizing essentials. The important lines of development are skilfully traced. Political narrative, often overemphasized in a book of this kind, preserves a correct balance with culture, economic life and constitutional development. Fish's History of American Diplomacy By CARL RUSSELL FISH, University of Wisconsin. (American Historical Series.) $2.25. Library Edition, $2.75 Our relations with Mexico and with the European belligerents have emphasized so forcibly the overwhelming importance of diplomacy in national affairs that the appearance of this historical treatment of our dealings with foreign nations is particularly timely. It is the only book in this field to discuss contemporary events. The chapter on Mexico considers the Vera Cruz episode and the A. B. C. mediation, while the chapter on The Great War treats the contraband and blockade issues. ALLEN JOHNSON, Yale University;—It occupies quite a distinct place. I could not name another that covers the ground with equal success. Indeed, I cannot now think of another work that attempts the task which Professor Fish has done so successfully. HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY. 34 West 33rd Street 6 Park Street 623 South Wabash Avenue CHICAGO ESSENTIALS IN EARLY EUROPEAN HISTORY By S. B. HOWE Teachers who wish to make history teaching meet present day needs should investigate the merits of this text for the first years of the new course recommended by the N. E. A. Committee. It has met with gratifying success and its use is rapidly being extended in New York, Philadelphia, Buffalo, Worcester, Newark, Springfield, Wilmington, New Haven, Oberlin, Boston and other cities. ESSENTIALS IN MODERN EUROPEAN HISTORY By S. B. HOWE and D. C. KNOWLTON. (A companion volume now in preparation) Vitalize the Student's Conception of History LONGMANS' HISTORICAL ILLUSTRATIONS The architecture, costumes, amusements and occupations of the eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth and fourteenth, centuries are given in great detail in these sets of plates. The work consists of pen drawings in black and white, the plates being made in convenient size for desk use by teacher or class. Their use will vitalize the student's conception of history. LONGMANS' HISTORICAL WALL PICTURES Well-informed teachers are becoming interested in the movement to visualize the study of history by actual models and by pictures in color from authentic sources. In this series of twelve original paintings, great epoch-making events in British history have been selected and the details worked out with the utmost care, in research and design, from the best and most authentic data. Each picture is vitalized with the exact costumes, architecture, and weapons of its period. LONGMANS, GREEN & CO., Publishers, 449 Fourth Avenue, New York 2457 PRAIRIE AVENUE, CHICAGO, ILL. 120 BOYLSTON STREET, BOSTON, MASS. Standards for Community Civics, by D. W. Horton, (with bibliography) 57 Published monthly, except July and August, by McKinley Publishing Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Copyright, 1916, McKinley Publishing Co. Entered as second-class matter, Oct. 26.1909, at Post-office at Phila., Pa., under Act of March 3, 1879 Libraries and Collateral Reading in this Issue |