preclusive; neither did I so intend it." In reply Dr. Wheelock consented to the bishop, but expressed his satisfaction, that the governor would not "insist upon the addition of the provincial officers." Yet those officers were named in the charter, and the bishop was omitted.

It appears from this negotiation, that Dr. Wheelock proposed to remove his school to New Hampshire on condition of obtaining an act of incorporation of Dartmouth Academy and satisfactory grants of land, and that Gov. Wentworth gave a charter of Dartmouth College, with a liberal endowment from the government and from individuals. In the charter Dr. Wheelock is called the "founder of the College," though he claimed in his proposed charter only to be the founder of the School. Whether in a strictly legal sense he was the "founder" of the college is of little consequence. He was the cause of its establishment. The governor and his four provincial officers in their letter to him of June 10, 1770, respecting the location, utter this prayer to "the Fountain of all true wisdom,❞— "that under your care this seminary of Christian knowledge may be safely founded and long flourish."

Doubtless at first Dr. Wheelock intended to have the School incorporated, and to have the trustees in London share in the government of it; but the governor created a College, and conferred no power on the London trustees, omitting the clause in Dr. Wheelock's projected charter, which gave them an equal voice with the American trustees in the election of the president. Though the London trustees consented to the removal of the school, yet they were entirely dissatisfied with the incorporation of a college. One of them wrote, in July, 1770, speaking of lord Dartmouth and Mr. Thornton, "they, as well as the other trustees, see clearly, that by the affair of the charter the trust here is meant to be annihilated. It was certainly a very wrong step for you to take without consulting us. It is the sentiment of us all, that by lodging the power in other hands, it has superseded the trust here, and we shall desire to have done with it." In reply, Dr. Wheelock wrote, dated Hanover, November 9, 1770, saying, there was no design on the part of any of the trustees in Connecticut to annihilate the trust in England; on the contrary, he says, that the Connecticut trustees " desired, that the trust in England should have not only the patronage of the school, but of the college too so far as to have an equal share in the choice of a president, so long as they should see fit to perpetuate their board, and so the charter was drafted, when it was sent to Gov. Wentworth; nor have I ever heard, that one of the trustees in this province objected against it, but the governor, apprehending it would be a burden you would not be fond of, and that it would make the body too unwieldy, rejected that clause in it. The charter means to incorporate the school with the college and give it possession of the donations and grants, made in this province to it. But the charter was never designed to convey the least power or control of any funds collected in Europe, nor does it convey any jurisdiction over the school to the trustees of the college. The charter grants them jurisdiction only over the college. If I resign my office as president of the college, I yet retain the same relation to the school, and control of it, as ever."

Without doubt these last remarks of Dr. Wheelock are perfectly correct. But if so, it then follows most clearly, that his school was not " incorporated in and with Dartmouth college." There is but one charter; and that is the charter of the college. There is but one set of trustees; and they are the trustees of the college. The long preamble to the charter is to be considered only as a history of Moor's school and of the circum

stances, which led Dr. Wheelock to apply for a charter of the college, not as proving at all, that the school is merged in the college, or that the founder of the school is therefore the legal founder of the college. In his narrative, 1771, he says, "The charter gives the trustees no right of jurisdiction but over the college; and the school remains still under the same patronage, authority, and jurisdiction, as it was under before the charter was given." The trustees of the college also voted, that they had no jurisdiction over the school. In fact, Moor's school has ever been kept distinct from Dartmouth college; Dr. Wheelock, in his last will, appointed his successor as its president; and after his death it received in New Hampshire, in 1807, a separate act of incorporation.* To this school Hon. John Phillips, in 1770, gave 3,333 dollars; and the State of Vermont afterwards gave the township of Wheelock half to the school and half to the college.

Though the college bears the name of Dartmouth, yet it does not appear that lord Dartmouth was its benefactor, nor did he approve of its incorporation. He and the other London trustees wrote to Dr. Wheelock, April 25, 1771-" We cannot but look upon the charter, you have obtained, and your intention of building a college and educating English youths as going beyond the line, by which both you and we are circumscribed;" and they require him to adhere to the original plan, to keep a distinct account of the monies of the school and not blend them with his college, and that he draw up a fresh narrative of his school. February 1, 1775, these trustees informed him, that the fund in their hands was expended, and of course, that their trust had ceased; but the Scotch fund remains at the present day, and the interest is paid in settlement of the accounts of Moor's Indian Charity School.

Governor Wentworth, and not lord Dartmouth, was the chief benefactor and patron of the college. It had been right, had the college borne his name; and this in fact Dr. Wheelock authorized his agent in the negotiation about the charter to propose to the governor. The charter having been obtained, and the governor having offered five hundred acres in Hanover, and other proprietors having offered much land in the neighborhood, Dr. Wheelock, in 1770, visited the towns in the western part of New Hampshire, and it was determined to plant the college at Hanover, near the banks of the Connecticut river. The grant of the township of land of 24,000 acres to the institution, proved void, having been previously granted by a former governor.

In August, 1770, Dr. Wheelock took leave of Lebanon and proceeded to Hanover, in order to make preparation for the immediate reception of

*The following extract is taken from the charter of Moor's school:

"Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Court convened, That the said John Wheelock, president of Dartmouth college and his successors in office for the time being, appointed agreeably to the charter of said college, whether by the last will of the president preceding or otherwise, shall forever hereafter be, and hereby is declared to be, the President of Moor's Charity school; and the board of Trustees of Dartmouth college for the time being shall forever hereafter be and hereby are declared to be the Trustees of said school, and that said school, as a corporation and as heretofore considered for the purposes aforesaid, may and shall be known and called hereafter by the name of the President of Moor's Charity school, and that said president with the advice and consent of said Trustees may and shall expend the issues and avails of all the funds and property of said school for the uses intended by the donors, provided nevertheless that the funds of said college and school and their proceeds shall be distinct and separate, and that nothing herein contained shall be considered as having any concern with the funds in the care of the Honorable Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge, or as interfering with their rights of inspection, or as affecting any other property belonging to said school than such as has been and may be hereafter granted in America for the use and benefit of said school."

Thus it appears, that though Moor's Charity school and Dartmouth college are two distinct institutions, yet they are under the control of the same Board of trust, or rather the same gentlemen, who are the President and Trustees of Dartmouth college, have the entire charge and direction of Moor's Charity school, though in a different capacity.

his family and his pupils in the wilderness. The pine trees on a few acres had been cut down. Without nails or glass he built him a log cabin, eighteen feet square, and directed the operations of forty or fifty laborers, who were employed in digging a well, and in building a house for his family of one story, and another of two stories, eighty feet long, for his scholars. As his family arrived before these habitations were prepared, his wife and daughters lived for about a month in his hut, and his sons and students made them booths and beds of hemlock boughs. October 29, he removed into his house; and the rooms in college were soon made comfortable. A school-house was also constructed. The scholars engaged with zeal in their studies, in their new abode, finding "the pleasure and profit of such a solitude." "But that which crowns all," says Dr. Wheelock in his narrative, "is the manifest tokens of the gracious presence of God by a spirit of conviction and consolation. For no sooner were these outward troubles removed, but there were evident impressions upon the minds of a number of my family and school, which soon became universal, insomuch, that scarcely one remained, who did not feel a greater or less degree of it, till the whole lump seemed to be leavened by it, and love, peace, joy, satisfaction, and contentment reigned through the whole. The 23d day of January, 1771, was kept as a day of solemn fasting and prayer, on which I gathered a church in this college, and school, which consisted of twentyseven members, on which occasion they solemnly renewed their oath of allegiance to Christ, and entire devotedness of body and soul, and all endowments of both, without reserve to God, for time and eternity."

The first commencement, held at the college, was in August, 1771, when four young men were graduated; one of whom, John Wheelock, the son of Dr. Wheelock, was his successor as the president of the school and of the college, and another, Mr. Ripley, was the first professor of theology in the college. Rev. L. Frisbie, of Ipswich, was in this class. The last survivor of the four, Samuel Gray, died in Windham, Connecticut, in 1836. Dr. Wheelock lived to preside at seven other commencements, and conferred the honors of college on seventy-two young men, of whom thirtynine became ministers of the gospel. Among them were Rev. Dr. John Smith, professor of the ancient languages in Dartmouth college, Rev. Dr. M'Keen, the first president of Bowdoin college, Rev. James Miltimore, of Newbury, Massachusetts, and Rev. Dr. Asa Burton, of Thetford, Vt.

*The following lines are an extract from a poem on the founding of Dartmouth college, by Mr. Frisbie, of the first class:

"Forlorn, thus youthful Dartmouth trembling stood,
Surrounded with inhospitable wood:

No silken furs on her soft limbs to spread,
No dome to screen her fair, defenceless head,

On every side she cast her wishful eyes,

Then humbly raised them to the pitying skies.

Thence grace divine beheld her tender care,

And bowed an ear, propitious to her prayer.

Soon chang'd the scene; the prospect shines more fair;

Joy lights all faces with a cheerful air;
The buildings rise, the work appears alive,
Pale fear expires, and languid hopes revive.
Calm solitude, to liberal science kind,
Sheds her soft influence on the studious mind;
Afflictions stand aloof; the heavenly powers
Drop needful blessings in abundant showers.

Thus Dartmouth, happy in her sylvan seat,
Drinks the pure pleasures of her fair retreat,
Her songs of praise in notes melodious rise,
Like clouds of incense, to the listening skies;
Her God protects her with paternal care
From ills destructive and each fatal snare;
And may He still protect and she adore,

Till heaven, and earth, and time shall be no more."

In 1773 there were about seventy members of the church, of whom about fifty were members of the college and school.

There was a second period of deep religious excitement in the college in the close of 1774, or beginning of 1775. In his narrative, after speaking of some efforts of the students and resolves of some whole classes for reformation, Dr. Wheelock adds,-" And to this God seems to have further testified his approbation by pouring out a spirit of conviction upon a number of the students of late, which, in a judgment of charity, has issued in saving effects in a number of instances: And I hope in God to see evidences of the same effectual work in many others, who at present appear to have some real conviction of their perishing necessity of the renewing work of the Spirit of grace; and hitherto the work has appeared to be very genuine, and the fruits of it very good."

The death of such a man as Dr. Wheelock is a most interesting event; we wish to see in what manner he meets the king of terrors, whom we also must meet. Although afflicted for years with the asthma, he yet ceased not to preach to his little flock, composed of his students and the neighboring villagers. When unable to walk, he was repeatedly carried to the chapel; and he sometimes conducted public worship, seated in his chair in his own house. His prayer was granted, that he might not outlive his usefulness. After his strength, enfeebled by so many cares and labors, had been declining for about four years, he was seized with the epilepsy in January, 1779. Though he recovered, so as to ride on horseback, yet, in April, he rapidly declined, and died on Saturday, April 24, 1779, in the 68th year of his age. In the morning he was able, with assistance, to walk his room. But as he knew, that his end was near, his family were summoned at his request. Being asked by his wife what were his views of death he replied, "I do not fear death with any amazement;" and soon afterwards repeated the exulting words of the Psalmist, and of the Apostle : "Though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil; for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me : "I have a desire to depart and to be with Christ." At his request a minister, who was present, now prayed, commending his departing spirit to God. He then uttered his final exhortation, "Oh, my family, be faithful unto death!" and immediately closed his eyes on all the objects of the earth. His immortal spirit fled, leaving impressed on the countenance of him, who slept in Jesus, a smile of peace.

Dr. Wheelock was "of a middle stature and size, well proportioned, erect, and dignified. His features were prominent; his eyes a light blue and animated. His complexion was fair, and the general expression of his countenance pleasing and handsome. His voice was remarkably full, harmonious, and commanding."

Dr. Wheelock was twice married. His first wife, whom he married in April, 1735, was Mrs. Sarah Maltby, relict of Capt. William Maltby of New Haven, and daughter of Rev. John Davenport, of Stamford, Connecticut. She died at Lebanon, November 13, 1746, aged 43. One of her daughters, Ruth, married Rev. William Patten, of Hartford. His second wife was Miss Mary Brinsmead of Milford, Connecticut. By her he had five children;-Mary, who married professor Woodward, the first professor of mathematics in Dartmouth college; Abigail, who married professor Ripley, the first professor of theology in Dartmouth college; John Wheelock, LL. D., the successor of his father, and president nearly forty years; Col. Eleazar Wheelock, and James Wheelock, Esq. His descendants live in different States of the Union, from Maine to Louisiana.

His grandson, Gen. Eleazar W. Ripley, distinguished in the war of 1812, is now a member of congress from Louisiana; another grandson is the Rev. William Patten, D. D. late of Newport, R. I., now of Hartford, Conn.; another grandson still, Rev. James Wheelock, is a minister in Indiana; one of his granddaughters married Hon. Judah Dana, late a senator of the United States from Maine; another married Rev. William Allen, president of Bowdoin college; and another married Rev. James Marsh, president of Vermont university.

Dr. Wheelock published a narrative of the Indian Charity school at Lebanon, 1762; A sermon at the ordination of Charles J. Smith in 1763; Narratives in several numbers from 1763 to 1771; Continuation of the narrative, 1773, to which is added an abstract of a mission to the Delaware Indians west of the Ohio, by M'Clure and Frisbie; A sermon on liberty of conscience, or no king but Christ in the church, 1775. His memoirs by Drs. M'Clure and Parish, were published in 1811, with extracts from his correspondence.

Some of his religious views, as manifested by his manuscript notes of sermons, are the following. In a sermon on John iii. 5, on the renovation of the heart by the Spirit: "The subject is passive;-the sinner is made poor; and owns, whenever it is done, that God has done it. And not only passive, but the greatest opposition to it, such as nothing but Omnipotence could conquer."-"The sinner must see certain damnation before him, and no other possible way of escape, before he will comply."— "Being born of water and the Spirit implies a new principle of life, and of course a change of all the propensities, inclinations and affections: these will all be, as the principle is."

In a sermon on Heb. ix. 18, he says, "God hardens whom he will, without giving any color of reason to impeach his justice or goodness, or doing any thing inconsistent with the greatest sincerity of love towards sinners.". "His will to harden sinners and to punish them has the same reason for it, as his actually doing it-their wilful blindness, obstinate impenitence, and resistance of the means of grace,"-as from Ex. viii. 15, 32. Rom. i. 24. "It is not the decree of God, but the love, grace, and goodness of God, which are the means of hardening men, till God gives them up."

In a sermon on James, i. 13, he says, "God is not the author of any man's sin;-he infuses not the evil, nor co-operates in the act as sin, yet he has decreed the sin, and thus makes Satan and wicked men subserve the great purposes of his glory."

Very few of his sermons were written out at length. His manuscripts in general exhibit only short notes of the heads of his discourses, especially after the first few years of his settlement, when the pressure of a multitude of cares gave him little leisure for writing sermons. The following is an extract of a sermon on Ezek. xxii. 14, written in 1736, and which in its character is not unlike the sermon of president Edwards, of 1741, entitled, "Sinners in the hands of an angry God." It begins thus:"Sinners! you will find it another thing, when you come to stand it out against the fiery indignation and vengeance of your incensed God, when he comes to deal with your naked soul, and immediately execute his vindictive wrath and vengeance upon you; I say, another thing, than you do here to stand out and endure his thunderings from Mount Sinai. You have already stood many shocks of thunderings from thence. The fiery law of God has been again and again delivered to you; and you have been again and again told of the flaming sword of justice, that is