erection of buildings, and later conveyed by him by warranty deed to still another person, and then by such other person conveyed by warranty deed to him (the purchaser), when sued on a note and mortgage which were given by him as part of such purchase price, avoid the payment thereof by alleging a lack of title in the original grantor and by proof merely that there is no evidence of the issuance of a tax deed to the county, and if the property was not obtained by the county under such tax sales, the title remains in the original owners, who have never asserted any title thereto or made any claim therefore, the said purchaser never at any time having offered to return the property, brought any suit to quiet the title thereto or attempted to rescind his contract of purchase, but on the other hand having remained in the. possession of the premises and being in the possession and collecting the rents thereof at the time of the trial?

We are satisfied that the defendants can avail themselves of no such defense: "It is true," said this court in the case of Dahl v. Stakke, 12 N. D. 325, 96 N. W. 353, "that a total failure of title in many cases is not ground for resisting payment of the purchase price if the purchaser remains in possession of the premises, and is not threatened with dispossession, and does nothing towards protecting himself against such adverse title, and is not in any way disturbed or damaged by such outstanding title, it not being hostilely asserted against him. The grounds upon which such cases turn are that such possession may ripen into a good title by the lapse of time, and that the law will not countenance a purchaser in accepting and holding possession and title which are not attacked and to perfect which the purchaser has done nothing, and at the same time refuse to pay for the land.”

"We recognize," says the supreme court of Georgia in the case of Sanderlin v. Willis, 94 Ga. 171, 21 S. E. 291, "that the purchaser of land who enters into possession under a warranty deed or a bond for titles cannot, before eviction, defeat an action for the purchase money, unless there has been fraud on the part of the vendor, or the latter is insolvent, or there is some other ground which would in equity entitle the purchaser to relief."

These quotations express the law as announced by the overwhelming weight of authority. See also Bowne v. Wolcott, 1 N. D. 415, 48 N. W. 336; Abbott v. Allen, 2 Johns. Ch. 519, 7 Am. Dec. 554; Dunn

34 N. D.-39.

v. Mills, 70 Kan. 656, 79 Pac. 146, 502, 3 Ann. Cas. 363; Harvey v. Morris, 63 Mo. 475; Reeve v. Downs, 22 Kan. 330; WcIndoe v. Morman, 26 Wis. 588, 7 Am. Rep. 96; McLeod v. Barnum, 131 Cal. 605, 63 Pac. 924; Sonderlin v. Willis, supra; Rhorer v. Bila, 83 Cal. 51, 23 Pac. 274.

Parties who claim breach of warranty may do one of two things. They may rescind or they may stand on their contract and sue for damages for the breach. They cannot do both.

Not only is this the case, but the defendants are entirely lacking in their proof. The note and mortgage import a consideration, and the burden of proof is upon them to show that none was forthcoming. There is no proof that the original owners of the property have been heard from since the time of the tax sale. The quitclaim deed from the county recited that a deed had been given. Purchasers under this quitclaim deed are allowed to remain in possession for five years and erect valuable buildings, and these purchasers are allowed to deed to still other purchasers, and these other purchasers to still others, who are allowed to remain in possession for nearly two years, and who as far as we know are still in possession, and collecting the rents and profits from the premises, and this without the original owners asserting any interest or title whatever. We are not, in short, satisfied that the defendants have proved that there is any outstanding title in the premises which can be asserted in a court of equity, and which any court of equity would deem paramount to their own.

We are not unmindful of the cases which are cited by counsel for the respondents. In the case of Redding v. Lamb, 81 Mich. 318, 45 N. W. 997, the defendants had purchased in an outstanding title, and when sued for the purchase price sought to offset what they had paid. This of course may be done. In the case at bar, however, though there may be a paper blemish to the title, no third party has asserted any claim; no third party has been paid anything for any claim; the third parties are not parties to the action before us, and we have no proof of any breach of the covenants of either seisin, possession, or warranty. The judgment in the case of Dahl v. Stakke, 12 N. D. 325, 96 N. W. 353, was rendered merely on account of the fact that the blemishes were encumbrances, and that the purchasers had the right to offset the value of these encumbrances against the purchase price. A clear distinction,

however, was made between a breach of a covenant against encumbrances and a total failure of title, or a failure of title which was imagined rather than proved. In the case of Bowne v. Wolcott, 1 N. D. 415, 48 N. W. 336, the defective title was not asserted as a defense in an action for the purchase price, but was itself made the ground of an action against the grantor for a breach of his covenants. Even in that case it was held that though the covenants of seisin had practically been broken, as the defendant has conveyed a government homestead upon which at the time of the issuance of the deed no patent had been issued, yet the plaintiff could only recover nominal damage as he had not been disturbed in his possession. This case indeed is an authority for rather than against the plaintiff and appellant in the action which is before us. All that the case of Real v. Hollister, 20 Neb. 112, 29 N. W. 189, held was that a covenant of seisin is broken, if at all, when made, and is not one of the covenants which run with the land. We have in the case at bar, however, as before stated, no proof that that covenant was ever broken. The case of Ballard v. Burrows, 51 Iowa, 81, 50 N. W. 74, was one which was based on the breach of the cove nants in the deed. It was not one to resist the payment of the purchase price, neither was it one for the breach of the covenants of seisin. In it also the proofs conclusively showed that 20 acres of the land were in the adverse possession of a third person, and had been so for more than ten years. The case of Campbell v. Spears, 120 Iowa, 670, 94 N. W. 1126, was merely an action to set aside an exchange of land. The case of Le Roy v. Beard, 8 How. 451, 12 L. ed. 1151, was merely an action to recover for money paid by the purchaser in order to protect. his title. There is nothing in the case which is before us to show that the defendants ever paid, or ever will have to pay, anything to protect theirs. The case of Pollard v. Dwight, 4 Cranch, 421, 2 L. ed. 666, it is true, stated that a covenant of seisin could be broken without an actual eviction, but this statement or holding was based upon the supposition that there was actual proof of a failure of seisin. The action too was one for damages for breach of covenant.

The case of Zent v. Picken, 54 Iowa, 535, 6 N. W. 750, is similar to that at bar, in that a breach of the covenants of seisin and possession was interposed as a defense in an action to foreclose a mortgage. In that case, however, not merely the title, but the possession, was at the

time of the grant clearly in another than the grantor. Seisin implies possession. It is possession with a legal right to the estate in the land. 5 Mod. Am. Law, 38. The case of Campbell v. McClure, 45 Neb. 608, 63 N. W. 920, merely involves an action to recover under the covenants of a warranty for taxes paid by the grantee, and which were a lien upon the land at the time of his purchase. The case of Kane v. Mink, 64 Iowa, 84, 19 N. W. 852, was an action for damages occasioned by the breach of a covenant, and where the evidence showed that the land had been sold under a prior judgment, and that though there was no actual eviction, the plaintiff at such execution sale had demanded that the plaintiff should account to him for the rent and use of the property. The case of Sherwood v. Landon, 57 Mich. 219, 23 N. W. 778, merely held that when land the paramount title to which it in another, is conveyed with covenants of seisin, the covenant is at once broken, and an action for damages for the breach thereof will be barred after six years from the date of the conveyance. The theory of the case was merely that the covenants of seisin do not run with the land, and that "if a party does not choose to investigate his title or enforce his possession within the period of limitation, he must take the consequences of his neglect." In the case at bar the defendants at no time sought to rescind the contract of purchase or to fortify their title.

The case of Allen v. Allen, 48 Minn. 462, 51 N. W. 473, holds, among other things, that a covenant of seisin is broken if the covenantor has not the possession, the right of possession, and the complete legal title, and that when the covenant is broken, an immediate cause of action. arises. It does not hold, however, that a party in the possession, and who elects to retain the possession, may refuse to pay the purchase price. The case of Batterton v. Smith, 3 Kan. App. 419, 43 Pac. 275, was merely one in which, in an action for the purchase price, the defendant was allowed to recoup his expenses in perfecting his title. In the case of Bolinger v. Brake, 4 Kan. App. 180, 45 Pac. 950, there was no possession in the grantors at the time of the conveyance.

We have analyzed enough of the cases to show their general holding. The criticisms offered on those analyzed is applicable to practically all, if not all, those cited by the respondents. We have in short no criticism of the doctrine, that covenants of seisin do not run with the land, and if the grantor has no seisin at the time of the conveyance,

a cause of action for a breach thereof immediately arises. Comp. Laws 1913, §§ 5785-5792. Nor have we any fault to find with the doctrine that one may offset against the purchase price anything which he may have paid or any losses which may have occurred to him through endeavoring to protect his possession and title. We have yet to find a case, however, where a person has been allowed to both retain possession of the property and to avoid the payment of the purchase price without some proof of the monetary loss, or of an interference with his possession and title.

The judgment of the District Court is reversed and the cause remanded with directions to enter judgment according to the prayer of the complaint.

The respondents will pay the costs and disbursements of the appeal.

F. E. MCCURDY v. A. W. LUCAS, R. C. Battey, C. Bortsch, Jr., R. L. Best, and C. N. Kirk, as the Board of City Commissioners of the City of Bismarck, North Dakota.

1. In appointing inspectors of election for a state-wide primary election, in a city operating under the commission system of government, the city commissioners are not required to select one of their number by lot, the person so chosen to act as inspector in the precinct in which he resides, and appoint the inspectors in the remaining precincts in the city.

Board of county commissioners — election precinct officers commission system -no power to appoint.

cities having

2. The board of county commissioners have no authority to appoint inspectors of election in precincts situated within a city operating under the commission system of city government.

Opinion filed August 8, 1916.