APPENDIX.

A.

PECULIARITIES OF NUMBER.

Indeterminate Forms.-A few nouns have the same form for the plural as for the singular. Among these are—

In these indeterminate forms the number of the noun is to be inferred from the context: thus, "A sheep was feeding on the hill;"

Double Plurals.-Some nouns have double plurals, each possessing a peculiar signification.

Plurals as Singulars.-Some plural forms are usually treated as singular: as, amends, gallows, news, odds, pains, wages. So

politics..

ethics

physics...

optics..

mathematics

represent Greek plurals, but are now treated as singular. Thus, "Mathematics is an improving study;" "Optics is the science of light."

Plurals only.—Some nouns, the names of things consisting of more than one part or forming a pair, have only the plural form:

Foreign Plurals.-Many foreign nouns, especially those that are imperfectly naturalized, retain their foreign plural.* (The plurals of such nouns are readily found by reference to a dictionary.)

* 1. Many Latin nouns adopted into our language retain their Latin endings:

Nouns in us (masculine) form the plural in i; as, focus, foci.

2. Some Greek nouns adopted into our language retain the Greek endings

in the plural: thus

Nouns in is form the plural in es; as, crisis, crises.

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Compounds. With regard to compounds the following points are to be noted:

I. The plural of compound nouns is generally formed by adding the suffix to the principal noun, that is, to the noun described: as, fruittrees, brothers-in-law, aids-de-camp.

II. When the last part of a compound is an adjective (according to the French idiom) the suffix is usually added to the noun: as, attorneysgeneral, courts-martial.

Knights-Templars pluralizes both parts; as do also men-servants, womenservants.

III. When the words are so closely allied that the meaning is incomplete till the whole is known, the plural sign is added at the end: as, forgetme-nots.

B.

SYNOPSIS OF A REGULAR VERB IN THE SECOND PERSON SINGULAR, OLD STYLE. Indicative....Thou lovest, thou lovedst, thou shalt or wilt love, thou hast loved, thou hadst loved, thou shalt or wilt have loved.

Potential.....Thou mayst love, thou mightst love, thou mayst have loved, thou mightst have loved.

Subjunctive..If thou love, if thou loved.

Imperative...Love thou.

C.

MODEL OF CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR VERBS.

NOTE.-The mode of formation of the compound parts of an irregular verb is precisely the same as that of a regular verb; but the irregularity of the past and past participle renders it desirable to illustrate the paradigm of the verb, and to practise pupils therein.

TO SEE.-Active Voice.

PRINCIPAL PARTS-Present-see. Past-saw. Past Participle-seen. SYNOPSIS OF THE VERB "TO SEE" IN THE THIRD PERSON SINGULAR OF ALL THE MOODS AND TENSES IN THE ACTIVE VOICE.

Indicative....He sees, he saw, he shall or will see, he has seen, he had seen,

he shall or will have seen.

Potential.....He may see, he might see, he may have seen, he might have seen. Subjunctive..If he see, if he saw.

Imperative...See (you—thou, ye).

SYNOPSIS OF THE VERB "TO SEE" IN THE FIRST PERSON PLURAL OF ALL THE MOODS AND TENSES IN THE PASSIVE VOICE.

Indicative....We are seen, we were seen, we shall or will be seen, we have been seen, we had been seen, we shall or will have been seen.

Potential.....We may be seen, we might be seen, we may have been seen, we might have been seen.

Subjunctive..If we be seen, if we were seen.
Imperative...Be (you—thou, ye) seen.

D.

FORMS OF CONJUGATION.

Besides the common style of the verb, several special modes of conjugation are used to express particular meanings. The principal of these are: (1) THE PROGRESSIVE. (2) THE EMPHATIC. (3) THE IN

TERROGATIVE.

I. Progressive Form.

The progressive form of a verb is that which represents the continuance of the action or state asserted by the verb: as, "I am writing," "He was sleeping."

The progressive form of a verb is made by combining its present participle with the variations of the auxiliary verb to be.

II. Emphatic Form.

The emphatic form of a verb is made by joining do and did with the infinitive (without to): as, "I do learn;" "I did learn."

This combination is found only in the present and the past indicative (active), and in the imperative.

Present.-I do learn, thou dost learn, he does learn, etc.

Past.-I did learn, thou didst learn, he did learn, etc.
Imperative.-Do learn.

III. Interrogative Form.

as,

The interrogative form is that which is used in asking a question: "Can he see?" "Shall he be punished?"

This form is used in the indicative and potential moods.

I.A verb is conjugated interrogatively by (1) placing the subject after
the verb: as, "Hearest thou?" or (2) by placing the subject between
the auxiliary and the verb; as, "May we go?" or (3) by placing the
subject after the first auxiliary when two or more auxiliaries are used:
as,
"Could he have called?"

[I. In common usage, the present and the past of the indicative mood
are rendered interrogative by the use of do and did, with the subject
following: as, "Do you hear?" "Did you hear ?"

POTENTIAL.-May I see? Might I see? May I have seen? Might I have seen?

Passive Voice.

INDICATIVE MOOD.-Am I seen? Was I seen? Shall I be seen? Have I been seen? Had I been seen? Shall or will I have been seen?

POTENTIAL.-May I be seen?

Might I be seen? May I have been seen?

Might I have been seen?

E.

CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERB TO BE.

AUXILIARY OF THE PASSIVE VOICE AND OF THE PROGRESSIVE FORM.