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the Rebellion. An eminent naval authority speaks of the boats designed and built by Captain Eads as the "backbone of the river fleet throughout the war."

But the crowning achievement of the man who, as a boy, sold apples on the city streets-the work that will carry his name down through posterity-is the magnificent Eads bridge at St. Louis spanning the Mississippi river between Missouri and Illinois-a bridge with arches almost unheard-of in those days, of 500-foot span and 60 feet clear above the river. As in all his other work, Eads emphasized strength. He built two river piers of heavy masonry, going down 110 feet below the surface to get a rock foundation. For the building of these piers, Eads designed and worked out a plan for air-tight caissons, sand propellers, conveyors, and the like. The steel arches of this bridge-two of over 500 feet-were the largest ever constructed up to 1876. To-day the bridge stands a monument to Eads's engineering genius.

Space would not permit detailed reference here to the great work Eads ac

complished for the shipping interests of the Mississippi. His jetties and methods of maintaining channels have been wonderfully successful, and have raised New Orleans to the position of one of the most important export cities of the nation.

When De Lesseps urged the building of the Panama canal, Eads proposed a scheme for a ship railway across the Isthmus a railroad on which would run immense cradles, capable of carrying the largest ships. The plan was endorsed by many engineers, but the death of Eads in 1887 put a stop to the undertaking.

In our day a good many people preach that the opportunities to rise from humble to prominent positions in the industrial world have passed, when the truth is that never was there a period so prolific in opportunities as the age in which we live. But these opportunities are for boys like Eads who have energy and ambition and are not afraid of work. Do not "fool" yourself; opportunities for promotion are all around, but remember that you must be awake and capable of handling them.

SHEET METAL ELBOWS

A TOPIC OF SPECIAL INTEREST TO ALL SHEET METAL WORKERS

P

ROBABLY the elbow is the most important article in the sheetmetal worker's line. Before taking up the method of obtaining the patterns, the rule will be given for calculating the rise of the miter line for any size or number of pieces.

Determination of Miter Lines

No matter how many pieces an elbow has, they join together and form an angle of 90°. Thus, a two-pieced, three-pieced, four-, five-, or six-pieced elbow is a right-angled elbow made up of that number of pieces. In Fig. 1 is showr a two

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Fig. 3.

15°

line, which will be tangent to the quadrant at F. CD and B E show the diameters of the pipe, which are drawn parallel to the lines of the elbow shown.

Fig. 3 shows a four-pieced elbow, to which the same rule is applied. Thus the top and bottom piece together equal 2, and the two middle pieces equal 4; total, 6. Dividing the quadrant of 90° by 6 gives: 90÷6 15. Then the first miter line A a will equal 15°, the second A b 45°, the third A c 75°, and the vertical line A C 90°.

Another example is given in Fig. 4, which shows a five-pieced elbow, in which the top and bottom pieces equal 2, and the three middle pieces 6; total, 8. Dividing 90 by 8, we have: 908=111⁄4. The first miter line, therefore, will equal 114°, the second 3334°, the third 5614°, and the fourth 7834°. By using this method, an elbow having any number of pieces may be laid out. When drawing these miter lines, it is well to use the protractor shown in Fig. 5, which illustrates the manner of laying out a three

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45. From the various points of intersection in A, drop vertical lines intersecting E D as shown. In line with B C, draw K L, upon which place twice the number of spaces contained in the section A, as shown by similar figures on K L; from these points drop perpendiculars to intersect with lines drawn from similar intersections on E D, parallel to K L. Trace a line through the points shown; then K L ON M will be the pattern. To this, laps must be allowed for seaming.

Now, to obtain the pattern for the three-pieced elbow shown in Fig. 8: Top and bottom pieces equal 2, one middle piece equals 2; to, 4; and 90 ÷ 4 = 222. Then, in line with F G (Fig. 9), draw F G JH, making H J at an angle of 221⁄2° to the line H b. Proceed as for Fig. 7, using the same stretchout line; then UPRS T will be the desired pattern. It should be understood that when the protractor is used for obtaining the angle as shown in Fig. 5, the heights a c and bd, measured from the horizontal line, form the basis for obtaining the

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using but the first miter line, proceed as heights of the middle pieces, inasmuch

follows:

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Let Fig. 6 represent a two-pieced elbow for which patterns are desired. First draw a half section of the elbow as shown at A in Fig. 7, which is a circle. Divide the lower half into equal spaces, and number the points of division I to 7. Now follow the rule previously given: The top and bottom piece equals 2; then, for a two-pieced elbow, divide 90 by 2. In its proper position below the section A, draw B C D E, making E D

B Fig. 8.

as they represent one-half the distance;

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