students on account of its being uniform which overcame all differences of dress and made for democracy. It was seen that the gowns aided grace and overcame awkwardness in speaking and that the general effect was to make university functions more characteristic, interesting and impressive to all beholders. It was discovered that on account of the improved appearance of all wearing academic costume, and the increased interest aroused by the dignity of the ceremonies that there was better attendance on the part of trustees, faculties, alumni, students and friends of the colleges and universities.

Realizing that there must be an intelligible system adaptable to all institutions if the many

as in the linings of the hoods of Princeton, Columbia, University of Pennsylvania, Johns Hopkins, Cornell, University of California, University of Illinois, University of Michigan, Northwestern, University of Pittsburgh, Tulane and many others. In order to make variations in combining the same two colors when used by various institutions, one color is used as the field and the second as the chevron; another institution reverses by using the second color as the field and the first as the chevron. Then one is used above the other in the hood lining, the dividing line being on the line of a chevron (parti-per-chevron). Sometimes two or three chevrons of the first color are set on the field of the second color and then two or three chevrons

American colleges were ever to enjoy the full advantages of academic costume, an intercollegiate commission was formed in 1893 and there was prepared a tentative draft of a uniform code for caps, gowns and hoods for the various degrees, designed so as to show in the hoods also the sources of the degrees by use of the college colors. Col. John J. McCook of the Princeton trustees, President Seth Low and Bishop Potter of the Columbia trustees, Rev. Charles Ray Palmer of the Yale trustees and Chancellor MacCracken of New York University were the most active members of this commission, and the writer of this article was called in as a technical adviser. He prepared colored sketches; made up experimental hoods and gowns; and solved the problem of satisfactorily combining two colors in a hood lining by the adaptation of the heraldic chevron

Master's Cap, Gown and Hood,

of the second color on the field of the first color. A few zones are set on fields of other colors.

The Intercollegiate system makes the following distinctions in the gowns, hoods and caps.

GOWNS.

Undergraduate. Of black stuff, open or closed in front, round or pointed sleeve.

Bachelors. Of black stuff, open or closed in front, long pointed sleeve.

Masters. Of silk preferably, open front, long closed sleeve with slit in upper part for arm.

Doctors. Of silk preferably, open front, round bell sleeve; faced down the fronts and barred on the sleeves with black velvet or velvet wholly or in part of the color designated for the trimming of the hood for the doctorate held.

Presidents, Chancellors and Deans may wear the gowns trimmed with gold braid and may wear other marks of office not inconsistent with the Code.

Members of the Governing Body (Trustees, etc.) may wear the doctor's gown during tenure of office.