Passports for Germans.

"In document 16 Trotzky is providing fraudulent passports for German officers who are going to England. France and America as spies and enemy agents. And document 17 shows Trotzky indorsing a similar proposal: "To be urgently executed. L. T.'

"Three German submarines are to be sent to the Pacific on the Trans-Siberian railway by orders of the German high command in document No. 23. Lists of German and Russian spies watching the British. French and American embassies in Petrograd are given in document No. 25. And, finally, in document No. 15 the bolshevist leaders are warned that information concerning the connection of the German government with the bolshevist workers' has leaked out and that Russian troops are hearing of it.

against the Russian national armies in the south (document No. 35).

"Several of the letters are indorsed by Trotzky. Even standing alone, they are complete proof that the bolshevist leaders were rling as German agents in Russia and obeying German orders to act against all Germany's enemies and even against Russia itself. Acted as German Agents.

"Moreover, these bolshevist leaders acted as German agents by suppressing their own socialist revolution in the Russian provinces plans of annexation. Document No. 46 is the where their doctrines interfered with German original letter from the Petrograd intelligence bureau of the German general staff addressed to the bolshevist commissar of foreign affairs. It reads: According to instructions of the representative of our general staff, I have the honor once more to insist that you recall from Esthonia. Lithuania and Courland all agitators of the central executive committee of the council of workmen's and soldiers' deputies." And in document No. 47 the general staff orders the bolshevists to 'cease the agitation in Esthonia which had finally led to the local German landlords being declared outlawed.' and to take immediate steps for the restoration of the rights of the above mentioned German landlords.'

an

When the bolshevik government of Russia not only made peace with the central powers but attacked the Roumanian forces the position of the Balkan kingdom became hopeless and King Ferdinand's government was forced to seek a separate peace with Germany and her allies. Negotiations were begun Feb. 23, 1918, at Castle Bufftea near Bukharest, Roumania being represented by Premier Averescu, Germany by Foreign Secretary Dr. von Kuehlmann, Austria-Hungary by Foreign Minister Count Czernin and Bulgaria by Premier Radoslavoff. An armistice was arranged, and on March 5 a preliminary treaty of peace was signed. This provided for the ceding to the central allied powers the Dobrogea as far as the Danube, the frontier rectifications demanded by Austria-Hungary, demobilization of the army, the evacuation of Austro-Hungarian territory and support for the transport of troops of the central powers through Moldavia and Bessarabia to Odessa. On May 6, 1918, at Bukharest the following formal treaty of peace was signed by the representatives of Roumania and the central powers:

"1. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey, on the one hand, and Roumania, on the other, declare the state of war ended and that the contracting parties are determined henceforth to live together in peace and friendship.

2. Diplomatic and consular relations between the contracting parties will be resumed immediately after the ratification of the peace treaty. The admission of consuls will be reserved for a future agreement.

"3. The demobilization of the Roumanian army, which is now proceeding, will, immediately after peace is signed, be carried out according to the prescriptions contained in articles 4 and 7.

"4. The regular military bureau, the supreme military authorities, and all the military institutions will remain in existence as provided by the last peace budget. The demobilization of divisions 11 to 15 will be continued, as stipulated in the treaty of Focsani, signed on March 8 last. Of the Roumanian divisions 1 to 10. the two infantry divisions now employed in Bessarabia, includ

ing the Jaeger battalions, which are the remnants of dissolved Jaeger divisions, and including two cavalry divisions of the Roumanian army, will remain on a war footing until the danger arising from the military operations now being carried on in the Ukraine by the central powers cease to exist.

"All other Roumanian troops which did not exist in peace time will at the end of their term of active military service remain as in peace time. Reservists shall not be called up for training until a general peace has been concluded.

"5. Guns, machine guns, small arms, parks of horses and cars, and ammunition which are available owing to the reduction or the dissolution of the Roumanian units shall be given into the custody of the supreme command of the allied forces in Roumania until the conclusion of a general peace.

"6. The demobilized Roumanian troops to remain in Moldavia until the evacuation of the occupied Roumanian regions. Excepted from this provision are military bureaus and men mentioned in article 5, who are required for the supervision of the arms and material laid down in these regions. The men and reserve officers who have been demobilized can return to the occupied regions. Active and formerly active officers require, in order to return to these regions, permission of the chief army command of the allied forces.

7. A general staff officer of the allied powers, with staff, will be attached to the Roumanian commander in chief in Moldavia and a Roumanian staff officer, with staff, will be attached as liaison officer to the chief command of the allied forces in the occupied Roumanian districts.

"8. The Roumanian naval forces will be left to their full complement and equipment, in so far as their crews, in accordance with article 9, are not to be limited, until affairs in Bessarabia are cleared, whereupon these forces are to be brought to the usual peace standard. Excepted herefrom are river forces required for the purposes of river police and naval forces on the Black sea.

"9. All men serving in the army and navy, who in peace time were employed in connec

tion with harbors or shipping, shall, on demobilization, be the first to be dismissed in order that they may find employment in their former occupations.

"A commission composed of representatives of the allied powers shall shortly after the signature of the treaty lay down and demarcate on the spot the new frontier line in Dobrogea. The Danube frontier between the regions ceded to Bulgaria and Roumania follows the river valley. Directly after the signature of the treaty further particulars shall be decided upon regarding the definition of the valley. Thus the demarcation shall take place in autumn, 1918, at low water level.

"11. [After stating that Roumania agrees that her frontiers shall undergo rectification in favor of Austria-Hungary as indicated on the_map, the article continues]:

"Two mixed commissions, to be composed of equal numbers of representatives of the powers concerned, are immediately after the ratification of the peace treaty to fix a new frontier line on the spot.

war

"12. Property in the ceded regions of Roumania passes without indemnification to the states which acquire these regions." Clause 4 deals with indemnities of which article 13 declares that the contracting parties mutually renounce indemnification of their war costs, and special arrangements are to be made for the settlement of damages caused by the war. The fifth clause relates to the evacuation of occupied territories, embodied in articles 14 to 24, summed up as follows: The occupied Roumanian territories shall be evacuated at times to be later agreed upon. For the present, railways, posts, and telegraphs will remain under military administration and will, in accordance with proper agreements, be at the disposal of the authorities and population. As a general rule the Roumanian courts will resume jurisdiction in the occupied territories to their full extent.

"The allied powers will retain jurisdiction as well as the power of police supervision over those belonging to the army of occupation.

"The army of occupation right to requisition is restricted to corn, peas, beans, fodder. wool, cattle, and meat from the products of 1918 and, further, to timber, oil, and oil products, always observing proper regard for an orderly plan of procuring these commodities, as well as satisfying the home needs of Roumania.

"From the ratification of the treaty onward the army of occupation shall be maintained at the expense of Roumania."

Clause 6 covers regulations regarding navigation on the Danube.

"24. Roumania shall conclude a new Danube navigation act with Germany, Austria-Hun

of

THE CAILLAUX Joseph Caillaux, French premier in 1911 and on several different occasions minister finance, was arrested in Paris, Jan. 14, 1918. on the charge of high treason. The basis of the charge was that he had been in communication with German agents and was the fountain source of the German propaganda in France. As early as January, 1914, the editor of Le Figaro, Gaston Calmette, accused M. Caillaux of making undue concessions to Germany in the Agadir affair and also of financial irregularities in which German financiers figured. On March 16 of that year, Mme. Caillaux went to the office of Le Figaro and

(a) Under the name Danube mouth commission, the Europe Danube commission shall, under conditions subsequently set forth, be maintained as a permanent institution. empowered with the privileges and obligations hitherto appertaining to it for the river from Braila downward, inclusive of this port: the conditions to provide, among other things. that the commission shall henceforth only comprise representatives of states situated on the Danube or the European coasts of the Black sea. The commission's authority extends from Braila downward to the whole of the arms and mouths of the Danube and adjoining parts of the Black sea.

"(b) Roumania guarantees to the ships of the other contracting parties free navigation on the Roumanian Danube, including the harbors. Roumania shall levy no toll on ships or rafts of the contracting parties and their cargoes merely for the navigation of the river. Neither shall Roumania in the future levy on the river any tolls save those permitted by the new Danube navigation act.' Articles 25 and 26 deal with the Danube questions and provide that Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey and Roumania are entitled to maintain warships on the Danube, which may navigate downstream to the sea and upstream as far as the upper frontier of ships' territory, but are forbidden intercourse with the shore of another state, or to put in there except under force majeure, or with the consent of the The powers represented on the Danube mouth commission are entitled to maintain two light warships each as guardships at the mouth of the Danube.

state.

Article 27 provides equal rights for all religious denominations, including Jews and Moslems, in Roumania, including the right to establish private schools.

or

Article 28 provides that diversity of religions does not affect legal, political, civil rights of the inhabitants, and, pending ratification of the treaty, a decree will be proclaimed giving the full rights of Roumanian subjects to all those, such as Jews, having no nationality.

The remaining three articles provide that economic relations shall be regulated by separate treaties, coming into operation at the same time as the peace treaty. The same applies to the exchange of prisoners.

[It may be added that the armistice terms imposed by the allies on Germany, Nov. 11, 1918, provided for the cancellation of the foregoing treaty as well as other treaties made by Germany with the former allies of the entente.]

TREASON CASE.

shot and killed M. Calmette. For this she was tried and acquitted. M. Caillaux then went into the pay department of the French army, but was soon in trouble. In November, 1914, he sailed for South America and spent most of the winter in Argentina. He returned to Europe in 1915. In 1916, he was in Italy with his wife and reports were then published that he was active in German propaganda there. The evidence of this came from apparently reliable sources.

In 1917 he came back to France and again became active in politics as a member of the chamber of deputies. His name was frequent

ly mentioned in connection with the cases of the editors of the Bonnet Rouge, of Bolo Pasha and of others charged with being German agents. M. Malvy, minister of the interior, was accused of protecting instead of prosecuting the men accused of working for a sepa rate peace with Germany. The Ribot and Painleve cabinets fell largely because they did not deal firmly enough with the plotters against the country. Then Georges Clemenceau became premier and at once there was a change in the attitude of the government. Searching investigations were made, resulting in discoveries which led the chamber of deputies to suspend the immunity of M. Caillaux and others from prosecution. done Dec. 12, 1917. Evidence in the shape of notes and other documents found in a safety deposit box in a bank in Florence, Italy, tended to show that Caillaux was planning to become premier of France on the policy of accepting defeat by Germany and then carrying out certain schemes of revenge against his enemies. Among other things he aimed to do was to make Gen. Sarrail his generalissimo. It will be recalled in this connection that late in 1917 Gen. Sarrail was recalled from his post as commander in chief of the allied forces in Macedonia.

This was

Some of the strongest evidence against Caillaux was furnished by the American state department, which in its investigation of German activity in Argentina came across the following telegrams sent by Count Bernstorff to his government on Feb. 4, 1915:

"No. 178, Buenos Aires telegraphs the following: No. 21, Caillaux has left Buenos Aires after a short stay and is going direct to France, evidently on account of the [group undecipherable] scandal, which he regards as a personal attack upon himself. He speaks contemptuously of the president and the rest of the French government, with the exception of Briand. He sees through the policy of England perfectly. He does not anticipate the complete overthrow of France. He sees in the war now a struggle for existence on the part of England. Although he spoke much of the 'indiscretions and clumsy policy' of the Wilhelmstrasse, and professed to believe in German atrocities, he has in essentials hardly changed his political orientation. Caillaux welcomed indirect courtesies from me, but emphasized the extreme caution which he is obliged to show, as the French government, he said, has watched him even here. He warns us against the excessive praise bestowed upon nim by our papers, especially the Neue Freie Presse, and desired, on the other hand, that Mediterranean and Morocco agreement should be adversely criticized. Our praise injures his position in France. Caillaux's reception here was cool. His report about Brazil had nothing new. On his return to France he will, to begin with, reside in his constituency. He fears Paris and the fate of Jaures. "BERNSTORFF."

"No. 202. Naval Attache to Admiralty Staff. Habana telegraphs: Tol, Rio de Janeiro, telegraphs steamer Araguaya left Buenos Aires Jan. 30. The captain is carrying important papers. Capture very desirable. Caillaux is on board. In case of capture, Caillaux should, in an unobtrusive way, be treated with courtesy and consideration. Can you inform our cruisers? BERNSTORFF."

On June 6, 1917, the German censorship issued the following notice to the German press: "For political reasons it is urgently requested that nothing be written about the former French prime minister, Caillaux, and that his name be not mentioned under any circumstances."

These notes were made public by the state department Jan. 16, 1918. On that day in Paris, France, Louis Loustalot, a member of the chamber of deputies, was arrested in connection with treason charges. Paul Comby, another alleged plotter, was arrested the day before.

BOLO PASHA TREASON CASE. Paul Bolo Pasha, convicted of high treason against the republic of France in time of war, was executed at Vincennes by a firing squad early on the morning of April 17, 1918. Just before the war began in 1914 khedive of Egypt, and for his work was given Bolo was in the service of Abbas Hilmi, then the title of pasha. In 1915 Bolo met Hilmi in Switzerland in company German foreign minister, Gottlieb von Jagow, and an arrangement was made by which Bolo was to receive 10.000.000 marks ($2,500,000) to be paid in installments for the purpose of influencing French newspapers in favor of peace with Germany, Of this sum about 4,000,000 marks ($1,000,000) was paid through Swiss banks.

erty.

with the then

Paris Journal from Senator Humbert, paying In the summer of 1916 Bolo bought the 5,500,000 francs ($1,100,000) for the propThis money was refunded to him after proceedings had been instituted against him on the charge of high treason, Senator Humbert subsequently became involved in the treason investigation and on Feb. 18 last was arrested. America with $2.000.000 from the Deutsche In February, 1916, Bolo came to bank of Berlin, which he deposited in various banks presumably for propaganda in this country. His activities in the United States were known to the government and communicated to France through Ambassador Jusserand. On Sept. 29, 1917, Bolo Pasha, who had been under suspicion for some time and had been arrested. but allowed his liberty on bail, was locked up to await trial for high treason under a law against having "intelligence with the enemy.' The proceedings. which were before a court-martial in Paris, began Feb., 4. 1918, and resulted in his conviction and sentence to death Feb. 14. His execution was delayed some days to enable him to make some additional revelations to the government.

cam

The

"Since the beginning of the war you of the chapters have co-operated with the war council in conducting two war fund drives and one membership drive, in addition to the paign on behalf of the Junior Red Cross. total actual collections to date from the first war fund have amounted to more than $115,000,000. The subscriptions to the second war fund amounted to upward of $176,000,000. From membership dues the collections have amounted to approximately $24,500,000. "To the foregoing must be added the very large contributions of materials and time given by the millions of women throughout the country. For the period up to July 1, 1918, American Red Cross chapters. through their workrooms, had produced 490,120 refugees'

786,489 hospital garments, 10,134,501 knitted articles, 192,748,107 surgical dressings-a total of 221,282,838 articles, of an estimated aggregate value of at least $44,000,000. These articles were largely the product of women's hands.

"By the terms under which the first Red Cross war fund was raised, the chapters were entitled to retain 25 per cent of the amount collected, in order to defray local expenses, to carry on their home service work, to purchase materials to be utilized in chapter production, and otherwise to meet the numerous calls made upon them. The chapters were thus entitled to retain nearly $29,000,000. As a matter of fact, their actual retentions amounted to only about $22,000,000. Out of collections from annual memberships the chapters have retained about $11,000,000.

the status of noncommissioned officers. All reports and correspondence of this officer will be subject to censorship of the commanding officer.

4. To conduct canteen service stations for furnishing refreshments to soldiers when traveling through the country, to furnish emergency relief to the sick and wounded when en route and see that they are conveyed to a hospital when necessary and requested by the commanding officer. All commanders of troop trains are advised of this emergency service and are authorized to avail themselves of it whenever, in their opinion, advisable.

5. A representative of the American Red Cross may be attached to each base hospital to furnish emergency supplies when called upon, to communicate with the families of patients, to render home service to patients and such other assistance as pertains to Red Cross work. The representative of the Red Cross so assigned, together with his assistants, will be accredited to the commanding officer of the base hospital and will be subject to the same regulations as to status, privileges, assistants, and censorship as provided in preceding paragraph applying to the representatives of the Red Cross assigned to divisions.

6. In order to render the above outlined service to the best advantage the accredited chief officer representing the American Red Cross at division headquarters will be a field director.

7. Officials of the Red Cross assigned on duty with the military establishment, as outlined above, will be required to wear the regulation uniform of the American Red Cross, together with the insignia, etc., as approved by the secretary of war.

To secure unity of action in the war the allies in the fall of 1917 held a conference in Paris at which the following bodies were given authority to represent and act for the countries fighting the Germanic alliance:

SUPREME WAR COUNCIL.

The supreme war council consists of the premiers and one other cabinet minister from the principal belligerents, assisted by the military representatives of France, Britain, the United States and Italy. Its meeting place was fixed at Versailles, France.

NAVAL ALLIED COUNCIL.

The naval allied council consists of representatives of France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan and the United States, including the ministers of marine and chiefs of the naval staffs; has no fixed place of meeting.

COUNCIL FOR WAR PURCHASES AND
FINANCE.

France, Great Britain, the United States and Italy are represented on the council for war purchases and finance, the name of which explains its purpose: meets alternately in Paris and London.

MARITIME TRANSPORT COUNCIL. The maritime transport council consists of two ministers each from France, Great Britain and Italy and a representative from the United States. It supervises the operations of the allied transport at sea.

The personnel of the supreme war council was not the same at all the meetings, changes being made from time to time, especially in the military representatives. Early in 1918 the council consisted of the following:

For Great Britain-Premier Lloyd George and Maj.-Gen. Sir Henry Hughes Wilson.

For France-Premier Clemenceau. Foreign Minister Pichon, Gen, Ferdinand Foch and Gen. Maximo Weygand.

For Italy-Premier Orlando, Baron Sonnino, minister of foreign affairs, and Gen. Cadorna.

8. The commanding generals of all cantonments and national guard encampments and the commanding officers of all other encampments or organizations to which Red Cross representatives may be assigned in accordance with this order are authorized to furnish to the American Red Cross anything that they may request within reason, such as warehouses, offices, light, heat, telephones, etc., in order to enable them to properly carry on the work for which they are assigned.

Y. M. C. A. WAR EXPENDITURES. The national war council of the Young Men's Christian association issued a financial statement Nov. 13, 1918, covering its operations from the beginning of the war to July 31, 1918. The statement given out by George W. Perkins, chairman of the finance committee, showed that the association had handled during the period $54,354,034.04, of which more than $400,000 represents interest earned on the contributions given to it.

In the

On July 31 the Y. M. C. A. had still on hand a balance in excess of $17,000,000. intervening period the demands of the work Overseas had grown by leaps and bounds because of the vastly accelerated movement of troops, So that the balance on hand at that date had been entirely spent and had been succeeded by a deficit. In this intervening period Y. M. C. A. man and woman workers were sent abroad at the rate of very nearly 1,000 a month, and the number of buildings, restaurants, hotels, huts, tents, etc., operated for the American Expeditionary Forces in France increased from 895 to 1,500. (See also "Young Men's Christian Association," page 190, this volume.)

COUNCILS.

For the United States-Gen. Tasker H. Bliss, with Arthur H. Frazier of the Paris embassy in an unofficial capacity.

Later Gen. Weygand was succeeded by Gen. Belin, Gen. Cadorna by Gaetano Giardino and Maj.-Gen. Sir Henry Hughes Wilson by Gen. Sackville-West. What was called the "interallied war committee," consisting of military advisers to the council, was finally constituted as follows:

Members-Gen. Sackville-West for Great Brit-
President-Gen. Belin. France.
ain; Gen. Dibrolant for Italy and Gen. Tasker
H. Bliss for the United States.

At an important meeting of the council held in May those present included David Lloyd George, Premier Orlando, Viscount Milner, Gen. Foch. Gen. Sackville-West, Gen. Bliss, Gen, Belin, Maj.-Gen. Henry H. Wilson, Field Marshal Haig. Gen. Pershing. Gen. Petain, Vice-Admiral Wemyss and Vice-Admiral de Bon. This was substantially the personnel for the remainder of the year until the meetings were held at which armistice terms were fixed for AustriaHungary and Germany.

BRITISH WAR COUNCILS.

The War Cabinet.

David Lloyd George, prime minister and first lord of the treasury.

Earl Curzon, lord president of the council. A. Bonar Law, chancellor of the exchequer. Austen Chamberlain, without portfolio. G. N. Barnes, without portfolio. Lieut.-Gen. J. C. Smuts, without portfolio; member of war cabinet by special arrangement.

Imperial War Cabinet.

Lloyd George, Curzon Law, Chamberlain and Barnes and the following representing the British colonies:

Sir Robert L. Borden, prime minister of Canada.

N. Rowell, president of the privy council, Canada.