of the American troops Gen. Pershing issued a proclamation explaining that the American troops had come as friends and to aid in the liberation of the duchy from the armies of the German invaders. The 18th infantry was the only American unit to pass through the city, the other organizations purposely having skirted the city on either side on their way to the Rhine. The Americans were received by the Luxemburgers with the greatest enthusiasm. The grand duchess thanked Gen. Pershing for the coming of the allied forces. By Nov. 23 the 3d army from its points of junction with the French in Luxemburg could look directly into Germany. The German troops were found to be evacuating their territory more slowly than had been expected. AMERICAN TROOPS ENTER GERMANY. American troops of the signal corps and ambulance details of the 3d army crossed into Rhenish Prussia Nov. 24. The front lines of the army rested along the Luxemburg-German border, on the Sauer river, and thence along the Moselle river to the region east of Remich. The general line of the German withdrawal was along the Perl-Saarburg road. The American army entered the city of Treves on the morning of Dec. 1, crossing the Prussian frontier at the Moselle river behind the German rearguards. The advance of the United States troops into German territory was comparatively slow because of the limited number of bridges across the Sauer and Moselle rivers. The various divisions marched with full equip. ment of steel helmet, gas mask, rifles loaded and belt filled with cartridges. The heavy artillery also rumbled along the German roads, while the ammunition wagons kept pace. The American line on Dec. 1 ran through Winterscheid, Habscheid, Lichtenborn, Oberweis, Irrel Kordel, Treves, Saarburg and Serrig. The crowds that met the Americans as they entered Treves were sullen. The civilians were well dressed and many German soldiers wore splendid uniforms. They made no show of violence, but many glared at Col. Henry J. Hunt, U. S. A., and his staff as they appeared at the head of the 6th infantry, of the 5th division. The feeling of hostility to the Americans across the border had been noted on Nov. 30. So marked was it that the soldiers' and workmen's councils urged the populations of the various towns to remain calm, while Field Marshal von Hindenburg himself called on the residents of German territory to abstain from all hostile action.

On Dec. 6 Gen. Pershing reported: "The 3d American army, advancing along the entire army front, to-day reached the general line Udelhoven - Dooweller Laubach Driesch-Todanroth-Worresbach."

CROSSING OF THE RHINE.

As the American troops advanced and the German forces retired the authorities in the larger places between them had some trouble with unruly elements and feared more on account of the bolshevik agitation. They organized home guards, but in some cases these were too few to cope with any serious situation that might arise. This was the case in Coblenz, the objective of the American army, and at the request of the mayor the city was occupied sooner than had been planned, by a battalion of American soldiers who were brought there by a special train on Dec. 8. By the 10th advanced elements of the 3d army had reached the Rhine at various points and on the following day had fully occupied the left bank of the river from above Coblenz north to where the Canadian and other British troops were holding the line. The Americans crossed the Rhine on the 10th and entered the fortress of Ehrenbreitstein opposite Coblenz at the request of the German authorities. Later they crossed in force and began the occupation of the bridgehead along the eighteen mile arc designated in the armistice terms. The

1st and 3d divisions were designated to occupy the advance positions and the 32d, 90th and 42d divisions the support positions. On the east bank of the Rhine the Americans tock up a line about sixty miles in length. It described an arc of a circle, having Coblenz as a center, with a radius eighteen and sixteen miles in length and overlapping the British and French lines in places. It was announced that Gen. Pershing would spend part of his time in Treves and that military headquarters would be established there, with Brig.-Gen. Peston Brown, U. S. A., as military governor of the Occupied territory, while the civil affairs would be administered by Brig.-Gen. Harry A. Smith. U. S. A.

ADVANCE OF THE BRITISH.

On Nov. 21 British cavalry were riding again in triumph across the famous old blood-stained battle field of Waterloo. The 2d and 3d British armies resumed their march toward the German frontier, according to program, one detachment pushing toward the Meuse south of Namur, while on the left the British force reached the general line of Gembloux-Wavre. General Plumer, in command of a large British force, crossed the German frontier on Dec. 1 between Behon and Eupen and advanced toward the Rhine. By evening his advance had reached the general line of Hurg, Reuland, Bullingen and Montjoie. The conditions prescribed as to the deliverance of important enemy material were found to have been complied with. The British General Rawlinson issued an order to the 4th army ordering it to participate in the occupation of the Rhine districts, adding: "I ask you men from all parts of the empire to show the world that British soldiers, unlike those of Germany, do not wage war against women and children." On Dec. 1 British cavalry patrols reached the German frontier beyond Spa and the British advance reached the German frontier along the whole of the front from just north of the duchy of Luxemburg to the neighborhood of Eupen, ten miles from Aix-la-Chapelle.

Field Marshal Haig on Dec. 3 issued strict orders to British troops that there was to be no fraternization with inhabitants of Germany, although intercourse with the enemy was to be marked by courtesy and restraint. British troops entered Germany and reached the town of Malmedy.

The first elements of British infantry entered Cologne on the afternoon of Dec. 8 to re-enforce the cavalry which arrived Dec. 6. Preceded by a crowd of civilians, the infantry marched past the towering cathedral, headed by British mounted military and Cologne policemen, while crowds ran from all directions across the square.

Three platoons marched on the double quick to the Rhine itself, halting beneath the imposing towers of the Hohenzollern bridge. The German sentries, who guarded one-third of the eastern part of the bridge, departed Dec. 7 with other rear guards. The occupation of the bridgehead on the east bank of the Rhine was completed as soon as the territory was cleared of German soldiers.

PROGRESS OF THE FRENCH.

Marshal Foch, commander in chief of the allies' forces, arrived at Luxemburg on Nov. 25 with his staff and established his headquarters The 10th French army, on its way to there. the Rhine and Mayence, crossed the German frontier on Dec. 3, occupying the valley of the Sarre. The advance of the French forces into Germany had been without incident up to that date.

The entry of the French troops into Strassburg, Metz and other places in Alsace-Lorraine was attended by imposing demonstrations, the

One of the best presentations of the part Great Britain played in the world war was that contained in a speech made by Lieut.-Col. G. G. Woodwark of the British army at the convention of the American Bankers' association in Chicago Sept. 25, 1918. The war was still in progress, but was nearing the end. though neither the speaker nor his auditors was conscious of it. The address. which was received with marked attention and satisfaction by the leading bankers of the United States, treated of the following topics:

1. The raising and training of the British

armies for service.

2. With the British armies in France. 3. The British naval and military contribution to the war. 4. Industrial reorganization of Britain for

the war.

5. The war organization of Britain for do

mestic economy.

6. British financial organization for the war. Col. Woodwark spoke as follows:

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: The great honor you have done me by inviting me here is one which I accept with affectionate gratitude-for my country. It is of Britain's part in the war that I have been asked to speak and I feel very much at home in the familiar atmosphere of this brother-democracy. to-day so closely allied with our own great "commonwealth of nations. as Gen. Smuts of the British war cabinet has so finely termed the British empire. And in the democratic sense of these history making days I much prefer that name for the British territories. widespread across the world: a commonwealth of nations! For thus constituted it is, in truth-and as a citizen and soldier of it I feel myself very much at home speaking here, as it were, in the house of a member of the family.

So, if I dwell upon the part taken in the war by my particular branch of the English speaking family you will bear with me: it is of Britain's part in the war that I have been asked to address you-of the raising and training of her armies: of their battling in the fields of France, in which I have been proud to take a part of Britain's naval and military contributions to the war, and that of her great dominions and dependencies: of the thorough and far reaching reorganization of the British industrial machinery during the war; of her system of domestic economy reconstituted to meet the strain of war; and finally, though with diffidence and as a layman in the presence of professionals, of Britain's war finance, from its more popular and public aspects.

I will begin. then, with the upbuilding of the British fighting machine-the first and most urgent of the tasks we had to face, and one to which all of you will listen with sympathetic understanding, yourselves having so recently carried through a similar job with such consummate efficiency, and of which you are now witnessing results that will go down in history to the glory of your nation and, if I may say so, to the glory of our whole family of nations. For we ask you to let us share in the happiness of your triumphs, as we feel that you have shared in ours, and as we know full well that you suffered with us and succored us in the darker days now safely passed.

1. The Raising and Training of the British Armies for Service.

Up to 1914 England, like America, was a pa cific nation, with no standing army, and (also like America) with a navy not more than adequate for the insurance of her overseas interests. Hence the same problem faced Britain and America when each stepped into the arena: the problem of organizing a great army-infantry, artillery, cavalry, air forces, engineers, medical corps, army service corpsan army to be made fit to meet and beat the highly trained professional conscript armies of the enemy.

The first two years of Britain's army building was upon a voluntary basis-and it should never be forgotten as a proof of nationalor should I not say international?-loyalty and morale unequaled in history that on this basis we recruited upward of 5,000,000 volunteers, expanding our army from its prewar strength of 300,000 "regulars" to that huge figure. That is not to say that it might not have been more scientifically efficient to apply conscription at the outset, as America has done, and as England ultimately found it necessary to do. in order to apportion more nicely her available man power to the multifarious tasks of war-military, quasi-military cided that, fine and generous as was the reand civilian. In fact, it was ultimately desponse of the volunteer spirit, it did not permit of a properly controlled adjustment of readily effected by the method of the selective "the man to the job" such as can be more

draft.

The first steps taken in the raising of volunteer troops on the outbreak of war I can describe to you from my own experience-more or less typical of the general methods and results operative throughout the united kingdom.

On Aug. 4, 1914, the territorial forces of Great Britain received mobilization orders to report to their depots. Being a Norfolk man, and for over twenty years associated with the volunteer or territorial organization of the country, I at once proceeded to the East Dereham depot, and thence we were sent to Colchester, the concentration center for training

purposes.

After a month or two there I was ordered to return to my county to recruit men from Norfolk for the first line units. I realized that to get quick and sizable results a dramatic method was needed, and I consequently adopted somc good American "hustle." Touring the county with a regimental band and about twenty automobiles. I drew up a carefully planned tour of towns and villages, was "press-agented" well in advance and timed to speak at each place as per schedule. I took an examining doctor with me en route, and the volunteers were passed immediately after the meetings and hustled direct to the depot. There was no time for cooling of heels; and I recruited 5.000 men in about five weeks. I found no signs of "cold feet.' In this way

These men were then passed either into the territorials or into Kitchener's army, according to their choice. In the former they could select their regiment; in the latter they went where the military authorities sent them.

I then took 1,000 of these men and formed and organized a battalion of 2d line sup ports, to feed the first line abroad. Later I organized another battalion of the 2d line. and was given command June 21, 1915. battalion was turned into a draft finding unit for supplying trained men for the fighting fronts.

This

Many were the difficulties and obstacles dur ing these early months of training-lack of equipment. boots. rifles, uniforms, But with keenness and good will on all sides the job went through and in due course order came out of chaos and the wheels of the army making machine ran more smoothly. With these first batches of volunteers came the cream of England's sons-rushing to her de fense, and, after training, sent out rapidly to the front to replace the casualties of the expeditionary force: themselves in turn to find a bed in French or Belgian soil. There was no time to apply a selective process with a view of getting each man to the work he could do best: every one who could carry a rifle and use it soon found his place in the fighting line. This resulted in fearful wastage of material-but it was unavoidable at that critical juncture. Such was my experience of volunteer recruiting during the early months of the war and until I myself went to the front.

The second phase of recruiting, by conscription, became essential through the de

I will now pass to a short survey of the third phase of the war on the western frontthe campaign of the present year.

pre

Small wonder that, at Russia's collapse and elimination from the war early in 1917, which released new German armies to outstrip our hard earned increase in numbers and equipment, and snatched from us the long promised hope of a great allied offensive-small wonder that on America's dramatic entrance into the arena our eyes turned to her with eager hope, or that we watched with almost breathless expectancy for the speedy materialization of her support. The enemy tended to belittle America's contribution and loudly asserted that the "U" boats would prevent the utilization of her power in the allied cause. Again Germany miscalculated-as she has done throughout-the power of will in great obstacles. to overcome cause Launching her vastly re-enforced armies, three or four to one, against the British front last March, she bent it but could not break it. Followed a like onslaught against the French front-with like results. Not yet had the allied armies filled up their ranks to equal Germany's in number, but they were newly inspired by the American support, and when Foch smote, in the second battle of the Marne, with America by his side, Germany's pride was badly mauled. Then Haig, already recovered from the battering of the spring. smashed forward on his front and crossed the Hindenburg line at its strongest point, and now America, in her first independent campaign, has administered the heavy and humiliating defeat of St. Mihiel.

a

In fine, Germany has been outgeneraled and outsoldiered. Her conscript system, which she initiated and thus imposed upon the rest of Europe, has, in spite of all its vaunted efficiency, proved a failure. She has broken

every

rule of warfare to which she had pledged herself; she has descended to every kind of barbarous outrage on sea and land. Except when she fights with greatly superior numbers she is always beaten. And why? Complete efficiency must enlist not only every ounce of material power; it must enlist every ounce of every kind of power. Germany has always left out of account the mightiest factor in an army's force, its spiritual power. That power is indomitable. It is this spiritual factor, imbuing every soldier and informing the whole line, which has set German "efficiency" at naught. Germany's kind of "efficiency" could succeed only if men were machines. It is the spirit of the allied armies that will conquer and has already discredited the German military machine, built upon a basis of materialistic science which ignores -and by the showing of her own philosophers denies the finest and most powerful of human qualities, while it openly flouts all sense of honor and decency. That, I hold, in the final analysis, is the rock upon which Germany's house will break-as her false and godless theory of life was the sand upon which she built it.

The allies possess a higher faith than that and we may humbly thank God for it. All honor to the splendid men of all ranks in all our armies on the western front; all honor to Foch, coolly selecting the proper moments to strike at the spent power of Germany's hosts: all honor to Haig, coolly meeting the overwhelming odds of Germany's onslaughts and as coolly reporting the results of his counterstrokes of the last weeks; all honor to Pershing, coolly stepping into the arena with his fresh young armies, who are as coolly doing the work of veterans in our great crusade for civilization.

3. The British Naval and Military Contribution to the War.

From the foregoing brief survey of the western front I will pass to a bird's-eye view of the other fronts, scattered over the face of the globe. To cut off from our enemies all external support, direct or indirect, it was necessary not merely to meet their attacks in the European fields, but to eliminate them as far as possible from all other parts of the world. tary forces in which the British dominions. Hence the campaigns employing naval and miliSouth Africa and India have joined us So splendidly against the German colonies and Turkey's territories in Asia. South African and British troops have gained complete control of the German colonies in that continent. Australia and New Zealand have seized their possessions in the antipodes; our gallant ally. Japan, reduced Kiaochow in a few weeks; our British and Indian armies in Mesopotamia and Palestine are performing the task of defeating and reducing the Turkish forces.

In

the Balkans, Serbia and Greece are striking at the Bulgar forces; while Italy, who on her front is performing so magnificently her stupendous task-more wearing and trying to armies even than such warfare as we are experiencing on the western front stands by her allies with a steadfast loyalty which is beyond all meed of praise and gratitude. Lastly, we have the recent expeditions with which America is associated in support of the loyalist Russian populations against the machinations of German intriguers and agents.

our

In all these far-flung projects. it is pride to have been able to take our partsometimes assisting, sometimes assisted by. our allies or our dominions, to whose loyal efforts I must now bear witness.

to

For indeed the contribution of every part of the British empire has been marvelous. Canada by herself has made an effort equal to that made by Great Britain in the Boer war, raising 500.000 men. Australia. in proportion to her widely distributed population, has equaled Canada's accomplishment. Of the Indian troops serving under the British flag Gen. Smuts declared: "I never wish to command more loyal. braver and better soldiers. The Indian forces who are now helping break up the Turkish empire in Mesopotamia are making a contribution to the war which should never be forgotten." New Zealand. with a small population of a little more than 1,000,000, has raised no fewer than 100,000 men. Newfoundland's effort is proportionately generous. South Africa, "compensated after the Boer war by one of the wisest political settlements ever made in the history of the British empire"-I quote the words of Gen. Smuts, who led the Boers against us in 18991902. and is now one of the most valued and influential members of the British war cabinet -South Africa has done yeoman service to the common cause, by clearing the Germans from that continent and by her contribution to the armies at the other fronts, a service which redounds to her own honor, as it bears glowing testimony to the solidarity of the British commonwealth of nations, of which she so recently became a part.

Turning to the high seas. I need not speak at length of the service rendered to the world by the British navy. whose predominance alone has made possible not only the continuance of the main campaign on the western front, but all the vast subsidiary projects for the discomfiture and defeat of the allies' enemies.

In August, 1914, the British navy had a tonnage of 2.500.000 and a personnel of 145.000 officers and men. To-day it has a tonnage of 8.000.000, including the auxiliary fleet and in 1917 the personnel stood at 430.000. The joint action of the American and British navies has made possible the safe conduct of the American armies to France, and has almost wiped out the threat of the pirate "U" boat. The navy's main task is not spectacular. but the figures are dramatic: it has convoyed no fewer than 13,000,000 men, of whom