or regulations of the country in which they are, enlist or enroll or must leave Great Britain or the United States, as the case may be, for the purpose of military service in their own country before the expiration of sixty days after the date of the exchange of ratifications of this convention, if liable to military service in the country in which they are at the said date; or if not so liable, then before the expiration of thirty days after the time when liability shall accrue; or as to those holding certificates of exemption under article III. of this convention, before the expiration of thirty days after the date on which any such certificate becomes inoperative unless sooner renewed; or as to those who apply for certificates of exemption under article III. and whose applications are refused, then before the expiration of thirty days after the date of such refusal, unless the application be sooner granted. Article III. The government of the United States and his Britannic majesty's government may through their respective diplomatic representatives issue certificates of exemption from military service to citizens of the United States in Great Britain and British subjects in the United States, respectively, upon application or otherwise, within sixty days from the date of the exchange of ratifications of this convention, or within thirty days from the date when such citizens or subjects become liable to military service in accordance with article I.. provided that the applications be made or the certificates be granted, prior to their entry into the military service of either country. Such certificates may be special or general. temporary or conditional, and may be modi: fied. renewed or revoked in the discretion of the government granting them. Persons holding such certificates shall. so long as the certificates are in force. not be liable to military service in the country in which they are. Article IV. This convention shall not apply to British subjects in the United States (a) who were born or naturalized in Canada, and who. before proceeding to the United States, were ordinarily resident in Great Britain or Canada or in any other part of his majesty's dominions to which compulsory military service has been or may be hereafter by law applied. or outside the British dominions: or (b) who were not born or naturalized in Canada, but who before proceeding to the United States were ordinarily resident in Canada. Article V. The government of the United States and his Britannic majesty's government will. respectively, so far as possible facilitate the return of British subjects and citizens of the United States who may desire to return to their own country for military service, but shall not be responsible for providing transport or the cost of transport for such persons. Article VI. No citizen or subject of either country who. under the provisions of this convention, enters the military service of the other shall, by reason of such service. be considered after this convention shall have expired or after his discharge to have lost his nationality or to be under any allegiance to his Britannic majesty or to the United States. as the case may be. Article VII. contracting parties shall have given notice of termination to the other: whereupon any subject or citizen of either country incorporated into the military service of the other under this convention shall be as soon as possible discharged therefrom. In witness whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the present convention and have affixed thereto their seals. Done in duplicate at Washington the third day of June, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and eighteen. ROBERT LANSING. READING, PART II. CONVENTION RELATING ΤΟ Article I. All male citizens of the United States. in Canada (hereinafter called Americans) and all male British subjects in the United States (a) who were born or naturalized in Canada, and who, before proceeding to the United States. were ordinarily resident in Great Britain or Canada or in any other part of his majesty's dominions to which compulsory military service has been or may be hereafter by law applied, or outside the British dominions: or (b) who were not born or naturalized in United States, were Canada, but who, before proceeding to the ordinarily resident in Canada (hereinafter called Canadians), shall, unless before the time limited by this convention they enlist or enroll in the forces of their own country or return to the United States or Canada, respectively, for the purpose of military service, be subject to military service and entitled to exemption or discharge therefrom under the laws and regulations, from time to time in force,, of the country in which they are: Provided, that in respect to Americans in Canada the ages for military service shall be the ages specified in the laws of the United States prescribing compulsory military service, and in respect to Canadians in the United States the ages, for military service shall be for the time being 20 to 44 years, both inclusive. Article II. limits aforesaid who desire to enter the miliAmericans and Canadians within the age tary service of their own country must enlist or enroll or must leave Canada or the United States, as the case may be, for the The present convention shall be ratified by purpose of military, service in their own counthe president of the United States of America try before the expiration of sixty days after by and with the advice and consent of the the date of the exchange of ratifications of senate of the United States and by his Britan- this convention, if liable to military service nic majesty and the ratifications shall be ex- in the country in which they are at the said changed at Washington or at London as soon date: or, if not so liable, then before the exas possible. It shall come into operation on niration of thirty days after the time when the date on which the ratifications are ex-liability shall accrue: or, as to those holding changed and shall remain in force until the certificates of exemption under article III. of expiration of sixty days after either of the this convention, before the expiration of thir ty days after the date on which any such certificate becomes inoperative unless sooner renewed; or, as to those who apply for certificates of exemption under article III.. and whose applications are refused. then before the expiration of thirty days after the date of such refusal. unless the application be sooner granted. Article III. The government of the United States. through the consul-general at Ottawa. and his Britannic majesty's government. through the British ambassador at Washington. may issue certificates of exemption from military service to Americans and Canadians. respectively. upon application or otherwise, within sixty days from the date of the exchange of ratifications of this convention or within thirty days from the date when such citizens or subjects become liable to military service in accordance with article I.. provided that the applications be made or the certificates be granted prior to their entry into the military service of either country. Such certificates may be special or general, temporary or conditional, and may be modified. renewed or revoked in the discretion of the government granting them. Persons holding such certificates shall, so long as the certificates are in force, not be liable to military service in the country in which they are. Article IV. The government of the United States and the government of Canada will, respectively, so far as possible, facilitate the return of Canadians and Americans who may desire to return to their own country for military serv ice, but shall not be responsible for providing transport or the cost of transport for such persons. Article V. No citizen or subject of either country who. under the provisions of this convention, enters the military service of the other shall, by reason of such service, be considered, after this convention shall have expired or after his discharge, to have lost his nationality oc to be under any allegiance to the United States or to his Britannic majesty, as the case may be. Article VI. The present convention shall be ratified by the president of the United States of America, by and with the advice and consent of the senate of the United States, and by his Britannic majesty, and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Washington or at London as soon as possible. It shall come into operation on the date on which the ratifications are exchanged and shall remain in force until the expiration of sixty days after either of the contracting parties shall have given notice of termination to the other; whereupon any citizen or subject of either country incorporated into the military service of the other under this convention shall be as soon as possible discharged therefrom. In witness whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the present convention and have affixed thereto their seals. Done in duplicate at Washington the third day of June, in the year of thousand nine hundred and eighteen. our Lord one ROBERT LANSING. READING. HEALTH AND MORALE OF THE ARMY. In his annual report for 1918 the secretary of war, Newton D. Baker, gave some highly interesting details as to the health of the army, the work of the medical department and the nursing corps, and also of the work of the commission on training camp activities. Following is what the secretary said on these subjects: It must be a source of the deepest gratification to the country, as it is to me, that the health of the army has been so excellent, not only as compared with the army in other wars but also as compared with the civilian population. For the year ending Aug. 30. 1918. the death rate from disease among troops in the United States was 6.4 per thousand; in the American expeditionary force it was 4.7; for the combined forces it was 5.9. The male civilian death rate for the age groups most nearly corresponding to the army age is substantially the same as the rate in the American expeditionary force. What this low figure means in lives saved is shown by comparing it with the rate of 65 per thousand in the union army during the civil war and the rate of 26 per thousand in the American army during the Spanish war. Pneumonia, either primary or secondary to measles, caused 56 per cent of all deaths among troops and 63 per cent of the deaths from disease. About the middle of September the influenza epidemic which had been prevalent in Europe gained a foothold in this country. Beginning in the New England states, it gradually spread south and west until practically the entire country suffered under its scourge. Naturally the camps and cantonments, with their closer concentration of men, provided especially favorable ground for the spread of the epidemic. In the eight weeks from Sept. 14 to Nov. 8 there were reported among all troops in the United States over 316,000 cases of influenza and over 53,000 cases of pneumonia. Of the 20.500 deaths during this period probably 19.800 were the result of the epidemic, During eight weeks the epidemic caused more than twice as many deaths among troops in the United States as occurred during the entire year preceding the epidemic, and almost as many as the battle fatalities during the eighteen months of the war up to October, 1918. By the middle of November it was apparent that the epidemic had force. spent its normal, but was The number of deaths was still above showing a steady decline. American expeditionary force somewhat from the epidemic, but far less sesuffered verely than the troops in the United States. Medical Organization. The Figures as to the health of our soldiers bear eloquent tribute to the efficiency of the medical department of the army. found itself in a position to render great servWith the invaluable assistance of the American Red Cross. it nection it is significant to note that the first ice from the very beginning. In this concasualties in the American expeditionary force occurred in the medical corps, when on Sept. 4. 1917. one officer and three men were killed and three officers and six men wounded in a German airplane attack on one of our base hospitals. On Nov. 11. 1918. the army had eighty fully equipped hospitals in this country with a capacity of 120.000 patients. There are 104 base hospitals and thirty-one evacuation hospitals in the American expeditionary force and one evacuation hospital in Siberia. In addition, a special hospital for head surgery, an optical unit, and eight auxiliary units are operating abroad. Army hospitals in the United States cared for, 1.407.191 patients during the war: those with the American expeditionary force cared for 755.354. a total of 2.162.545. In addition to furnishing its medical personnel for the operation of the above units. the war department. through the chief surgeon. has detailed 931 American officers to serve with the British forces and a further 169 for service in base hospitals that we have turned over to the British. Furthermore, several ambulance sections have been operating with the Italian army. Medical and Dental Personnel. In order to provide properly trained personnel for the medical needs of the army outlined above. training camps were opened on June 1. 1917, at Fort Oglethorpe, Fort Benjamin Har rison and Fort Riley. The need for similar fa-eral hospitals selected for reconstruction work. cilities for colored officers and men was At each of the hospitals courses of inquickly recognized. and on July 21 a camp was opened at Fort Des Moines for the training of colored personnel. Simultaneously special intensive training was given to all army, medical officers. 1.724 receiving instruction in war surgery and 600 in roentgenology. The vital importance of good teeth has been fully realized by the department. On Nov. 11. 1918, there were 4,429 dentists in the army and 5,372 in the reserve corps not yet called to active duty. Up to the end of July about 15 per cent of the entire civilian medical profession of the United States went into active duty as medical officers of the army. Probably no working force has ever been organized which contained more distinguished men of a single profession than are to-day enrolled in the medical department of the United States army. No praise is too great for these men and their many brothers who freely gave themselves to the country in the time of her need. sacrificing homes and positions that they might render their greatest service to the cause of democracy. Nurses. The answer made by the graduate nurses in this country has been no less splendid than that of the doctors. When the armistice was Signed an adequate staff of nurses was on duty at every army hospital in the United States. Eight thousand five hundred and ten were on duty in Europe, 1,400 were mobilized and awaiting transportation overseas and 2,000 more were available for immediate foreign service. The part played by these heroic women can best be told by our sons and brothers when they return from the battle fields: they, and only they, can pay proper tribute to the love and devotion with which our American nurses watched over them and cared for them. Appropriations. During the period of the war over $500,000,000 was made available for the uses of the medical department. The expenditure of this vast sum was not merely a matter of placing contracts and awaiting deliveries. New sources of supply had to be created to meet the unprecedented demand for surgical instruments, medical and surgical supplies, bedding and beds and anæsthetics, and everything possible had to be done to standardize all staple articles so as to reduce manufacturing difficulties to a minimum. Under the direction of Maj.-Gen. William C. Gorgas the medical department worked out a most satisfactory program. The war department has believed that preventive as well as curative duties should be performed by its medical personnel. Accordingly, eight "survey parties" have been maintained to inspect all stocks of food, and the manner of serving meals to troops in camps cr hospitals. Provision has also been made for the education of cooks and bakers in the science of their trades. Gas Defense Service. During the first fifteen months of the war all matters pertaining to the protection of troops against poison gases were under the charge of the surgeon-general, who devised. contracted for and produced during this period over 1,500,000 gas masks. The magnitude of this work became so great, however, that a special "chemical warfare service" was created to handle both the defensive end, formerly under the medical corps, and the offensive branch, theretofore under the engineers. Reconstruction Work. struction are conducted which are adapted to the physical and educational qualifications of the men. These courses range from the most elementary instruction in the "three R's" to highly specialized trades; all of them, however, have the single purpose of enabling the man to overcome the handicaps resulting from his wounds and to resume his place as a productive member of society as speedily as possible. This work is being prosecuted in the greatest variety of subjects at Walter Reed hospital, Washington, D. C., where important experiments are being made and where special attention is being given to fitting men with effective artificial legs, arms and hands. Growth of the Department. At the beginning of the war there were only 750 officers, 393 nurses and 6.619 enlisted men belonging to the medical department. In November, 1918, the correspon:ling figures were 39,363 officers, 21,344 nurses and 245,652 enlisted men. During the period of greatest expansion the department's program was guided by Maj.-Gen. William C. Gorgas, the surgeon-general, After many years of conspicuous service in the army, Maj.-Gen. Gorgas has retired in accordance with the provisions of the law, and was succeeded by Maj.-Gen. Merritte W. Ireland, chief surgeon of the American expeditionary force. Training Camp Activities. The commission on training camp activities was created in April, 1917, by the secretary of war to advise him on all matters relating to the morale of the troops. Cut off from home, family, friends, clubs, churches, the hundreds of thousands of men who poured into sides the routine of military training if they the country's camps required something bewere to be kept healthy mentally and spiritually. It became the task of the commission to foster in the camps a new social world. This was done through its own agents and zations through the agents of the affiliated organiover which it had supervision. It provided club life, it organized athletics, it furnished recreation through theaters and mass singing, it provided educational facilities, it furnished opportunity for religious services to be held, it went into the communities outside offering hospitality to the soldiers. the camps and reorganized their facilities for While it provided these advantages to the soldier, it also sought to protect him from vicious influences by a systematic campaign of education against venereal disease and by strict enforcement of laws against liquor selling and The effort was to furnish for prostitution. the men an environment not only clean and them fit and eager to fight for democracy. wholesome, but actually inspiring-to make While much of this work has been carried on by the commission itself through governbeen made possible by private organizations ment appropriations, a great deal of it has which have worked under the supervision of the commission. These organizations, the Young Men's Christian association, the Young Women's Christian association, the National Catholic War council (Knights of Columbus). the War Camp Community Service, the American Library association, the Jewish Welfare board and the Salvation Army, have bren enormously effective in maintaining the morale of our troops at home and overseas and the value of their services is gratefully acknowlcdged. Athletics. One of the first things undertaken by the commission was the stimulation of athletic sports. Forty-four athletic directors and thirty One of the most important activities under boxing instructors were appointed in the vathe direction of the medical department has rious camps and an organization was built up been the reconstruction work planned for sol- by which the men in the camps were particidiers, sailors and marines. At ports of de- pating regularly in some form of athletics, barkation arrangements have been made for both as part of their military training and as the rapid classification and assignment of re- spare time recreation. Mass athletics, boxing, turned sick and injured to the nineteen gen-hand-to-hand fighting, and calisthenics proved so valuable in promoting military efficiency the military forces. This work has been carthat many of the civilian athletic directors ried on by the states with the assistance of a were commissioned. At first it was difficult grant of $250,000 from the president's war to obtain an adequate quantity of athletic emergency fund. equipment for the soldiers. Funds were lackMusic. ing and raw material for manufacturing equipment was scarce. In many cases a company box of equipment had to serve a regiment. But later funds appropriated by the government were available. supplemented by generous subscriptions collected by special committees working under the direction of the commission. and much more equipment was purchased and distributed. Social Hygiene. A great deal of attention has been given to ing. music as an effective factor in military trainThis has been done through mass singing in camps and communities, singing on the march as a physical stimulus and source of singing, recreational singing in soldiers' free cheer. competitive regimental and company time, the organization of quartets, glee clubs and choruses and the training of company and regimental song leaders to aid the camp song leader. Song leaders to the number of Much attention, too, has been given to the fifty-three have been assigned to the camps problem of social hygiene. A wide educational as civilian aids to the commanding officers. campaign along lines of sex hygiene has been They are paid by funds of the quartermaster undertaken in all the camps and civilian popu- corps. In order to have all the men in unilation of the country regarding the nature and form singing the same song, songbooks conprevention of social disease. Lectures. mov-taining patriotic songs, folk songs, popular ing pictures and exhibits of various kinds are and service songs and some hymns were pub utilized, and extensive literature has been de-lished by the commission and distributed to veloped. More than 2.000.000 soldiers have the men. The department also interested itbeen reached by lecturers: fifty-eight camps self in the development of the military bands have received stereomotographs and 116 camps and prepared a program, practically identical and posts have received placard exhibits. In with one submitted from abroad by Gen. the larger military establishments trained non- Pershing, for the enlargement of the bands, a commissioned officers have been in charge of revised instrumentation, the commissioning of this work. bandmasters and the organizing of band schools. Experiments with vocal and instrumental music in hospitals proved so effective with certain types of cases and so acceptable to the hospital authorities that the matter was referred to the surgeon-general's office with a view to its transfer to this department. The services of the camp song leaders have frequently been borrowed by near by communities. Community singing-the singing of songs the soldiers have been singing-has spread all over the country, and the possibilities, both as to military and civilian morale, are highly significant. A singing nation will emerge from the war. The section on men's work has conducted an extensive campaign of education among civilians. It has sought to stimulate the enforcement of existing laws against prostitution and to pass new ones where needed to curb vice and liquor selling. Its chief effort has been given to promoting education about venereal disease through industrial establishments, enlisting the support of employers who have devoted time and money to furthering the work among their employes. The section on womer's work has endeavored by lectures. by circulation of literature and exhibits, to enlist the special interest of women, individually and in groups, in the fight against disease. The law enforcement division has been the agency through which the commission has acted in making effective the government policy of suppressing prostitution and illicit liquor selling. Through its section on vice and liquor control it has closed red light districts to the number of 116 (including those which were within the prohibited zone established by rection 13 of the selective service act). It has sought further to protect the soldier by breaking up the industry of the street walkers and the frequenters of cafes and cabarets. It has relentlessly pursued the bootlegger and has made it increasingly difficult for the man in uniform to obtain liquor. The commission has also devoted a great deal of attention to work with delinquent girls. who form the chief problem of camp communities. More than 150 field workers are engaged in patrol auty and personal case work and every endeavor has been made through education and otherwise, to rehabilitate this unfortunate class. Detention homes and houses have been erected for the custody of women and girls whose commitment to an institution had become necessary for the protection of Theatrical Entertainments. When Gen. Pershing said, "Give me a thousand soldiers occasionally entertained to 10,000 soldiers without entertainment, he voiced the need for entertainment in the camps. The commission on training camp activities built liberty theaters in thirty-four camps. The smallest of these theaters seats about 1.000 and the largest somewhat over 3,000. Built of wood but so constructed as to be easily emptied in case of fire. they are modern in every respect and equipped with all necessary paraphernalia for the handling of scenery and lighting effects. The cost of the buildings has varied from $5,000 to $50.000, depending upon the size: and the government has appropriated $1.250.000 for this work. Each theater is in the charge of a resident manager appointed by the commission. In addition to the regular performances staged in these theaters on a booking circuit. the commission has appointed dramatic direc tors in many of the camps, so that the boys overseas may be equipped to stage their own performances and thus be provided with means of self-entertainment. FARMS FOR RETURNING SOLDIERS. The following letter was written by Franklin K. Lane, secretary of the interior, to President Wilson May 31, 1918: I believe the time has come when we should give thought to the preparation of plans for providing opportunity for our soldiers returning from the war. Because this department has handled similar problems. I consider it my duty to bring this matter to the attention of yourself and congress. Every country has found itself face to face with this situation at the close of a great war. From Rome under Cæsar to France under Napoleon, down even to our own civil war. the problem arose as to what could be done with the soldiers to be mustered out of military service. At the close of the civil war America faced a somewhat similar situation, but, fortunately. at that time the public domain offered opportunity to the home returning soldiers. The great part the veterans of that war played in developing the west is one of our epics. The homestead law had been signed by Lincoln in the second year of the war, so that out of our wealth in lands we had farms to offer the million of veterans. It was also the era of transcontinental railway construction. It was likewise the period of rapid yet broad and full development of towns and communities and states. To the great number of returning soldiers land will offer the great and fundamental opportunity. The experience of wars points out the lesson that our service men, because of army life, with its openness and activity, will The amount of cutover lands in the United States, of course, it is impossible even in approximation to estimate. These lands, how largely seek outdoor vocations and occupations. This fact is accepted by the allied European nations. That is why their programs and policies of relocating and readjust-ever, lie largely in the south Atlantic and gulf ment emphasize the opportunities on the land for the returning soldier. The question then is: "What land can be made available for farm homes for our soldiers?" We do not have the bountiful public domain of the sixties and seventies. In a literal sense, for the use of it on a generous scale for soldier farm homes as in the sixties, "the public domain is gone.' The official figures at the end of the fiscal year June 30, 1917. show this: We have unappropriated land in the continental United States to the amount of 230.657.755 acres. It is safe to say that not one-half of this land will ever prove to be cultivatable in any sense. We have no land in any way comparable to that in the public domain when Appomattox came and turned westward with army rifle and "roll blanket" to begin life anew. men While we do not have that matchless pub. lic domain of '65. we do have millions of acres of undeveloped lands that can be made We available for our homecoming soldiers. have arid lands in the west; cutover lands in the northwest, lake states and south, and also swamp lands in the middle west and south, which can be made available through the proper development. Much of this land can be made suitable for farm homes if properly handled. But it will require that each type of land be dealt with in its own particular fashion. The arid land will require water, the cutover land will require clearing and the swamp land must be drained. Without any of these aids they remain largely "no man's land " The solution of these problems is no new thing. In the admirable achievement of the reclamation service in reclamation and drainage we have abundant proof of what can be done. Looking toward the construction of additional projects. I am glad to say that plans and investigations have been under way for some time. A survey and study has been in the course of consummation by the reclamation service on the great Colorado basin. That new project. I believe, will appeal to the new spirit of America. It would mean the conquest of an empire in the southwest. It is believed that more than 3.000.000 acres of arid land could be reclaimed by the completion of the upper and lower Colorado basin projects. It has been officially estimated that more than 15.000.000 acres of irrigable land now remain in the government's hands. This is the great remaining storehouse of government land for reclamation. Under what policy and program millions of these acres could be reclaimed for future farms and homes remains for legislation to determine. The amount of swamp and cutover lands in the United States that can be made available for farming is extensive. Just how much there is has never been determined with any degree of accuracy. Practically all of it has passed into private ownership. For that reason, in considering its use, it would be necessary to work out a policy between the private owners and the government unless the land was purchased. It has been estimated that the total area of swamp and overflowed lands in the United States is between 70.000.000 and 80,000,000 Of this amount it is stated that about acres. "60 000.000 acres can be reclaimed and made profitable for agriculture." The undeveloped in the swamp lands lie chiefly in Florida, states along the Atlantic and gulf coasts, in the Mississippi delta and in Missouri, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota. Wisconsin and California. What amount of land in its natural state unfit for farm homes can be made suitable for cultivation by drainage only thorough surveys and studies can develop. We know that authentic figures show that more than 15.000,000 acres have been reclaimed for profitable farming, most of which lies in the Mississippi river valley. states, the lake states and the northwestern states. A rough estimate of their number is about 200,000.000 acres that is, of land suitable for agricultural development. Substantially all this cutover or logged-off land is in private ownership. The failure of this land to be developed is largely due to inadequate method of approach. Unless a new policy of development is worked out in cooperation between the federal government, the states and the individual owners, a greater part of it will remain unsettled and uncultivated. The undeveloped cutover lands lie chiefly in the Pacific northwest (particularly in Washington and Oregon). in the lake states (Minnesota, Michigan and Wisconsin), and in the south Atlantic and gulf coastal states (Virginia, North Carolina. South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama. Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas). Any plan for the development of land for the returning soldier will come face to face with the fact that a new policy will have to meet the new conditions. The era of free or cheap land in the United States has passed. We must meet the new conditions of developing lands in advance-security must, to degree, displace speculation. Some of the defects in our old system have been described by Dr. Elwood Mead in these words: a "Science [should] have gone hand in hand with the settlement of the arid and semiarid country, and all that science could give would have been utilized, first, in the creation of the conditions of settlement, and then in aiding the settler in difficult tasks. Because nothing was done these heroic but uninformed souls were bedeviled by the winds, cold. drought and insect pests. They wasted their efforts, lost their hopes and ambitions and a tragic percentage left, impoverished and embittered. The tragic part of this history is that nearly all this suffering and loss could have been avoided under a carefully thought out plan of development.' There are certain tendencies which we ought to face frankly in our consideration of a policy for land to the homecoming soldier. First, the drift to farm tenancy. The experience of the world shows without question that the happiest people, the best farms and the soundest political conditions are found where the farmer owns the home and the farm lands. The growth of tenancy in America shows an increase of 32 per cent for the twenty years between 1890 and 1910. Second, the drift to urban life. In 1880 of the total population of the United States 29.5 per cent of our people resided in cities and 70.5 per cent in the country. At the census of 1910 46.3 per cent resided in cities and 53.7 per cent remained in the country. It is evident that since the war in Europe there has been a decided increase in the trend toward the city, because of industrial conditions. The adoption by the United States of new policies in its land development plans for returning veterans will also contribute to the amelioration of these two dangers to American life. A plan of land development, whereby land is developed in large areas, subdivided into individual farms, then sold to actual bona fide farmers on a long time payment basis, has been in force not only in the United States under the reclamation act, but also in many other countries, for several years. It has proved a distinct success. In Denmark, Ireland. New Zealand and the Australian commonwealth it has completely changed the land situation. One of the new features of this plan is that holders are aided in improving and cultivating the farm. In a word, there is organized community development. Its beneficial results have been well described by the Cana dian commission which was appointed to investigate its results in New Zealand in these words: "The farmers have built better houses or remodeled their old ones, brought a larger acreage of land under cultivation that would oth |