C.

Add to each of the following statements another statement, so as to make an illative compound sentence:

MODEL: "The shadow of the earth on the moon's disk is always round; hence The shadow of the earth on the moon's disk is always

round; hence this is a proof of the earth's rotundity.

1. The shadow of the earth on the moon's disk is always round; hence

2. The boy studied diligently, and therefore

3. The Persians treated the Greeks unjustly, and consequently

4. He lived extravagantly; therefore ....

5. Arnold had never firmness to resist the slightest temptation; so that

II. CONTRACTED COMPOUND SENTENCES.

28. The members of a compound sentence may have a common part in either the subject or the predicate; in which case the sentence is said to be contracted. Thus

1. The birds saw the little pool, and the birds came there to drink=The birds saw the little pool, and came there to drink-[contraction in the subject].

2. The reasonable expectations of himself and the reasonable expectations of his friends were disappointed-The reasonable expectations of himself and of his friends were disappointed-[contraction of adjunct of the subject].

3. Cold produces ice, and heat dissolves ice Cold produces and heat dissolves ice-[contraction in the object].

4. Birds of the air find shelter in the shadow of its widespreading branches, and beasts of the forest find shelter in the shadow of its widespreading branches=Birds of the air and beasts of the forest find shelter in the shadow of its widespreading branches[contraction in predicate and adjuncts].

EXERCISE 9.

Contract the following compound sentences, and state the nature of the contraction:

1. The jackal happened to be at a short distance, and the jackal was instantly despatched on this important business.

2. The rice-plant grows in great abundance in China; the rice-plant grows in great abundance in Japan; the rice-plant grows in great abundance in India.

3. The east coast of Australia is rugged, and the cast coast of Australia is deeply indented.

4. Julius Cæsar wrote with great vigor; Julius Cæsar fought with the same vigor.

5. Light is a necessity of life, and air is a necessity of life.

III. PUNCTUATION OF COMPOUND SENTENCES.

29. The members of a compound sentence are subject to the rules of punctuation that have been given for the simple and for the complex sentence. The following rules apply specially to the compound sentence:

1. When a compound sentence consists of two short members connected by a conjunction, especially when there is contraction, the members are not separated by a comma; as

1. A little school-girl pressed a cherry between her lips and threw away

the stone.

2. I will arise and go to my father.

2. Disjoined members of a compound sentence, whether full or contracted, are generally separated by commas, and always when there are more than two; as

1. On these trees they placed large stones, and then covered the whole with damp earth.

2. The rich and the poor, the high and the low, the old and the young, were alike subjected to the vengeance of the conqueror.

3. The members of a compound sentence, which are themselves subdivided by commas, are separated by semicolons; as

Having detained you so long already, I shall not trespass longer upon

your patience; but, before concluding, I wish you to observe this point.

4. In contracted compound sentences, omissions within the propositions are generally indicated by commas; as

To err is human; to forgive, divine.

EXERCISE 10.

Punctuate the following compound sentences:

1. The keenest wit the most playful fancy the most genial criticism were lavished year after year with a profusion almost miraculous.

2. On my approach the buffalo heaving himself forward with a heavy rolling gallop and dashing with precipitation through brakes and ravines again set off full tilt while several deer and wolves startled from their coverts by his thundering career ran helter-skelter right and left across the prairie.

3. I spared no means to bring to pass whatever appeared necessary for my comfortable support for I considered the keeping up a breed of true creatures thus at my hand would be a living magazine of fresh milk butter and cheese.

4. Prosperity will gain friends but adversity will try them.

5. Ovid's pretended offence was the writing of certain verses but it is agreed on all hands and is in effect owned by himself that this was not the real cause of his exile.

6. All nature is but art unknown to thee

All chance direction which thou canst not see.

All discord harmony not understood

All partial evil universal good.

IV. SYNTHESIS OF COMPOUND SENTENCES. 30. In the synthesis of compound sentences from elements, the nature of the separate statements should be carefully considered, so as to connect in construction the members that are connected in sense; attention should also be

given to the employment of the proper conjunction when one is required.

In connecting the statements into one compound sentence, contraction is much employed, and the participial phrase is very useful.

Elements.

Combined.

1. I had often received an invitation from my friend

Sir Roger de Coverley to pass away a month with him in the country.

2. I last week accompanied him thither.

3. I am settled with him for some time at his country-house.

4. I intend there to form several of my ensuing

speculations.

Having often received an invitation from my friend Sir Roger de Coverley to pass away a month with him in the country, I last week accompanied him thither, and am settled with him for some time at his country-house, where I intend to form several of my ensuing speculations.

In combining the elements, statement 1 is changed to a participial phrase, and introduces the sentence. Statement 2 forms the first member. Statement 3 forms the second member, and is connected with the preceding by a copulative conjunction. Statement 4 appears as a third member, and is connected by the conjunctive adverb where (=and there).

EXERCISE 11.

Combine the following statements into compound sen

tences:

1. The island at first seemed uninhabited.

The natives gradually assembled in groups on the shore.

The natives overcame their natural shyness.

The natives received us very hospitably.

They brought down for our use the various products of their island.

2. The storm increased with the night.

The sea was lashed into tremendous confusion.

There was a fearful, sullen sound of rushing waves.
There was a fearful, sullen sound of broken surges.
Deep called unto deep.

3. The great southern ocean is crowded with coral islands.
It is crowded with submarine rocks of the same nature.
These rocks are rapidly growing up to the surface.
There they are destined to form new habitations for man.
They will at length overtop the occan.

4. On the scaffold his behavior was calm.

On the scaffold his countenance was unaltered.

On the scaffold his voice was unaltered.

He spent some time in devotion.
Afterwards he suffered death.

He died with intrepidity.

This intrepidity became the name of Douglas.

5. In the interior of the Cape of Good Hope, the beasts of the forest had for ages lived in comparative peace-[first leading proposition]. The wounded and terrified animals felt (something)-[second leading member, introduced by an adversative conjunction].

The Europeans spread themselves along the coast-[adverbial clause of time].

The Europeans forced their way into the woods-[adverbial clause of
time].

The security was now gone-[noun clause, object of “felt”].
They had enjoyed security-[adjective clause, adjunct of "security"].

Practical Exercises in Composing.

A.

Write a composition from the following outlines, and underline the compound sentences:

BIRDS'-NESTS.

1. WHY THEY ARE BUILT.-Places where the birds may lay and hatch their eggs-as dwellings for their young.

2. MATERIALS FROM WHICH THEY ARE MADE.-Enumerate these-straw, twigs, moss, wool, clay, etc.

3. FORM, AND HOW THEY ARE MADE.-Describe the shape of birds'nests, and how the birds work them into shape. This is done by "instinct." What is instinct?

4. WHERE BIRDS BUILD.-Mention where the birds with whose