may be included in the deportation order if considerations of public welfare render this step necessary. In cases where there is no moral turpitude, this is a kindness to the families concerned. A father, subject to exclusion because of inability to read, might be able to take care of his dependent children in his home land, and manifestly under such circumstances it would be better for the family to remain together; in the case of his inability, the burden should not rest upon the country he seeks to enter.

EXAMINATIONS MADE AT OCEAN PORTS

Careful examinations are made at ocean ports in order to determine whether or not intending immigrants should be admitted or having been admitted, to decide if subsequent circumstances warrant their deportation. During the year ending March 31, 1922, there were 790 persons deported. Every effort was made to take proper care of these people. Enforcement of law always means hardship for simple people who have left old homes, even of poverty, far away in the hope of bettering themselves. It is therefore, incumbent upon a country receiving immigrants to let its causes for exclusion be widely known throughout Europe. This Canada undertakes to do, since, though advertising her advantages, she does not wish to be stampeded by incompetents.

During the past twenty years, Canada has rejected at ocean ports 15, 257 applicants for admission. Of this number 2120 were British, 305 American, while the remaining 12,832 were from other countries. The causes stated were: Accompanying patients 642; alien enemies 9; bad character 958; contract labor 92; criminality 99; head tax 6; lack of funds 3818; likely to be public charges 2640; medical causes 5154; not complying with regulations 1604; previously rejected 10; unskilled laborers for British Columbia 225.

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A special order of the Governor-General in Council dated June 9, 1919 prohibited, until otherwise ordered because of Industrial depression, the entrance of any skilled or unskilled labor into the province of British Columbia.

During the same period, there were 17,049 deportations, 8696 of which were British, 5112 American, and 3241 from other countries. The causes are listed as: accompanying deports 355; bad character 1219; criminality 4529; medical causes 4227; not complying with regulations 28; public charges 6691.

The actual numbers rejected and deported are small compared with the three million and a half who entered during the same period, but they serve to show the necessity for vigilance, and the wisdom of having laws to meet such cases even in a sparsely settled country desirous of growth.

ATTITUDE TOWARD SINGLE WOMEN

The fact that Canada has never encouraged the immigration of single women, except for household service, simplifies somewhat the enforcement of provisions against prostitutes and women otherwise immoral. There is a woman's section of the Department of Immigration charged with the specific task of looking after those household workers who come. Hostels are provided for their reception at various places, and work in approved families secured for the girls. Conditions of employment are known at all times and reported upon. The scarcity of such workers has led to the suggestion by the Department of Immigration that not only transportation charges be paid by the Government, but also that pocket money to the amount of ten dollars should be added. Two of the provinces, Ontario and Saskatchewan, are already advancing fares to house workers coming from Great Britain to families within their own borders. In addition to providing fares, Saskatchewan has a woman officer in Great Britain for the sole purpose of recruiting female domestic servants for residents of that province. The Dominion Government co-operates to the extent of paying half of this officer's salary. Girls for Saskatchewan are brought out in special parties in charge of a woman government officer. The plan seems to work out Report of the Department of Immigration and Colonization, 1922, page 26.

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satisfactorily, 178 girls having availed themselves of this assisted passage scheme during one year.

Many of the larger organizations of women in Canada co-operate with the government in its effort to bring domestics into the country. Committees are studying the situation in regard to household servants in all countries in an effort to work out some plan for standardization that will attract girls. The task is a difficult one. To infuse new life in an obsolescent occupation calls for creative talent. Housework as it has been done belongs to the old order. Even newly arrived immigrants do not tarry long in kitchens.

ELASTICITY IN CANADIAN LAW

In support of the statement frequently made that the Canadian Law is more elastic than that of the United States, may be mentioned the power conferred upon the governor in council to prescribe a minimum amount of money that must be in the possession of any tourist or immigrant entering the country. The sum may thus be changed from time to time as need arises. During the year 1920-1921, which was marked by severe industrial depression, the amount was raised from $100.00 to $250.00 for any man over eighteen years of age. If he had a family accompanying him, he himself must have $250.00, other adult members $125.00 each, and each child between five and eighteen years of age $50.00. Under given conditions exemptions might be granted. A family of six, otherwise admissible, might thus be required to have as much as $875.00 in cash in order to enter the country. The effect of this order was a drastic restriction in immigration. It was doubtless much better to require a large sum of money as a condition of entrance than to add to existing difficulties due to unemployment on the part of those already in the country.

More sweeping in its effect than the order in regard to funds was the creation of a special excluded class by order of his Excellency the Governor-General-in-Council in 1919 beReport of the Department of Immigration and Colonization, 1922, page 56.

cause of a wide-spread feeling "that steps should be taken to prohibit the landing in Canada of immigrants deemed undesirable owing to their peculiar customs, habits, modes of living and methods of holding property, and because of their probable inability to become readily assimilated or to assume the duties and responsibilities of Canadians within a reasonable time after their entry." The persons thus prohibited are any immigrants of the Doukhobor, Hutterite or Mennonite class.

Another order, January 22, 1920 prohibited the landing · at any port in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick or Quebec of any female immigrant unaccompanied by husband, father, mother or other approved relative, unless in possession of a document known as a Sailing Permit issued by the Superintendent of Emigration for Canada in London, England. In this way, without special legislation, national emergencies may be met. All that is necessary is the recommendation of the Minister of Immigration. Such procedure gives great power to a government official, and, on this account, may be open to question. The supposition in Canada apparently is that the officers of the government are incorruptible. A method, however, that dispenses with clumsy delays due to the necessity for new legislation to meet emergencies has much to commend it.

The function of the law is not fulfilled when grounds for the exclusion of certain classes are specified. The importance of this cannot be overestimated, yet the significance of other features should not be overlooked. There must be provision for the safe carrying of those who are eligible and control of the carriers.

LIABILITY OF STEAMSHIP COMPANIES

Medical examinations are made to determine the fitness of individuals to enter the country. Since, at the port of entry, there must be haste where as many as two hundred an hour may be inspected by one officer, it is of the greatest importance that adequate examination should be made preceding arrival, that is, either at the point of embarkation or Jenks and Lauck, The Immigration Problem, page 270.

during the voyage, and the ships manifest should be a truthful record of this. The onus of bringing over undesirables is made to rest on the steamship companies by duly penalizing them. According to the Law of 1919, the manifest which is given by the ship's captain to the Immigration officer in charge must contain a printed or typewritten list "of all the passengers and stow-aways on board such vessel at the time of her departure from the port or place whence she has cleared or sailed for Canada, or who were on board such vessel at the time of her departure from the port or place whence she has cleared or sailed from Canada, or who were on board such vessel at the time of her arrival in Canada, or at any time during her voyage, and such typewritten or printed list or manifest shall also show whether any of the persons named thereon are insane, idiotic, epileptic, dumb, blind, or infirm or suffering from any disease or injury or physical defect which may be cause for rejection." Such manifests must be verified under oath by the ship's commanding officer and surgeon. Failure to comply with this requirement is met by fine levied on the transportation company. This sum is two hundred dollars plus the amount paid for transportation for each immigrant brought to Canada in violation of the law; and, in addition, the company must at its own expense return the immigrant to the port of embarkation. There is no appeal from the decision of the Board charged with the hearing of such cases against transportation companies. There was need for drastic action since the steamship companies, anxious to make as much money as possible, were careless about the qualifications of immigrant passengers. Now, however, the government has made it necessary for them to be more careful. It seems a stupid thing for any country to permit the landing of the unfit, but there are so many technical difficulties connected with examinations that it is at present impossible to prevent at least some cases from getting in. For instance, ships whose destination is Montreal, land all third class passengers at Quebec, where they are hurriedly examined *Section 49. Immigration Law of 1919.