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(2) The children of Brazilian fathers, and illegitimate children of Brazilian mothers, born in foreign countries, if domiciled in Brazil.

(3) The children of Brazilian fathers employed in the service of the Republic in foreign countries, although not domiciled in Brazil.

(4) Foreigners who resided in Brazil on November 15, 1889, and who had not up to August 24, 1891,

declared their intention of retaining their original nationality.

(5) Foreigners owning real estate in Brazil, married to Brazilian women, or having Brazilian issue, provided they are resident in Brazil, and have not declared their intention to adhere to their original nationality.

(6) Foreigners who apply for naturalization under the present law.

Art. II. Naturalized foreigners shall enjoy all civil and political rights, and may hold any public office, except that of President or Vice-President of the Republic. The office of Senator may be held after six years' citizenship, and that of Deputy after four years.

Art. IV. Foreigners who desire Brazilian citizenship must apply to the President of the Republic, through the Ministry of Justice. Applications must be signed and authenticated by a notary public, and must state nationality, parentage, domicile, profession, condition, and legitimate issue must also be mentioned.

Applications must be accompanied by certificate of personal identity, legal age, residence of not less than two years in Brazil, good moral and civil conduct, and proof that applicants have not been indicted in Brazil or elsewhere for the offences enumerated in Article IX.

Art. V. Necessity of actual residence shall not be obligatory in the cases of foreigners married to Brazilian women, those with real estate in Brazil, those interested in some indus

trial undertaking, or who are inventors or introducers of some industry useful to the country, and those recommended by their talents or literary attainments, or by their professional skill, and finally, sons of naturalized foreigners born abroad before their fathers' naturalization.

Art. VI. Certificates from public departments, or given by judicial, municipal, or police authorities of Brazil, are sufficient proof of identity. Certification of signatures by notaries, or in case of application through the latter, power of attorney, is sufficient, and birth or baptism certificates, or passports, or other admitted documents, will be proof of legal majority, and certificates from the authorities of his place of domicile, from his consul or diplomatic representative, will be accepted as proof that he has not been convicted of the crimes mentioned in Article IX.

Art. VIII. Papers relating to naturalization are exempt from all costs, stamps, or fees.

Art. IX. Foreigners who have been convicted of homicide, theft, bankruptcy, perjury, smuggling, forgery, counterfeiting, or immorality will not be permitted to naturalize.

Art. XVI. The titles of naturalization must be claimed within six months by persons living in the Federal capital. Art. XVII. Persons residing in the states must claim their titles within one year.

The situation in Brazil at the present time is of unusual interest because of the great unoccupied areas which extend opportunity to peoples now practically excluded from the United States, and also because there have not heretofore been the usual race antagonisms. The country offers little to unskilled laborers of any nationality who want to live in cities. Ninety per cent of the Portuguese in Brazil are in the cities and have pre-empted urban occupations. The Germans, on the other hand, are rural dwellers, and have pointed the way to success on the soil. The land-hungry are the people desired by the great immigrant-receiving countries having vast areas awaiting development, and it is these people to whom Brazil extends a cordial hand.

CHAPTER XI

SETTLERS AND LAWS IN THE ARGENTINE
REPUBLIC

SIZE AND POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF ARGENTINA

The Argentine Republic, popularly known as Argentina, with an area of 1,153,418 square miles, is about equal in size to that portion of the United States lying east of the Mississippi River. The population as officially estimated is 9,000,000. Originally discovered by a Spaniard in 1516, this part of South America has, in language and customs, remained Spanish, although both Portugal and England, through later discoveries and the fortunes of war, from time to time attempted conquest. In 1816 the Argentine provinces, owing to defeat of the Spaniards by the patriot army in 1812, were declared an independent Republic, and a government modeled on that of the United States was established. The country is divided into a Federal District and twenty-four territories and provinces as follows:

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It has been said 2 that a characteristic difference between Iberian and Anglo-Saxon colonization is that in the former there has been a blending of blood with the governed colored races, while in the latter the white man has held himself aloof and supreme. This difference naturally results in the formation of new and distinct racial types. The blending process was operative from the beginning in southern South America, but here the advent of Europeans being continuous and ever increasing, the weight of influence in determining the character of the civilization lay with them. Quite the reverse was true in India. The point to be made here in regard to Argentina is that the basic ideals of the country are not solely Spanish although Spanish is the language of the country. The blending of races has apparently led to a degree of liberalism and the awakening of national spirit which may be seen in her policy toward migrating people.

ARGENTINES ALMOST WHOLLY OF EUROPEAN

EXTRACTION

The population of Argentina is almost wholly of European extraction. The untamed Indians number only about 18,000, but there are in addition 50,000 pure aboriginals

"W. H. Koebel: The New Argentina.

who have become domesticated. These people are almost entirely in the Chaco and neighboring districts. There are about 200,000 of the famous gauchos, originally a mixture of Spaniards and Indians, and about 100,000 other mulattoes." This gives approximately 368,000 colored people in a population of 9,000,000; the rest are of European stock. This European element includes many racial groups. During the last fifty years the following have settled in the country:

Italians
Spaniards
French

English

Austro-Hungarians

Germans

Swiss

Belgians

Others

4

2,000,000

1,150,000

200,000

50,000

70,000

50,000

30,000

21,000

4,000,000

7,571,000

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In the passing of a half-century these Europeans have become blended in a nation of Argentines with their own standards of living and national aspirations. Each year several hundred thousand persons are added by immigration; and these in turn leave their impress on the race. It is the same process that has gone on in other lands. European races have ever been modified by changed environment until they have taken on the characteristics of another race. It is this that makes immigration into the new countries a matter of the greatest interest. In the Argentine, there has developed a type of civilization quite distinct from that in any other country.

ARGENTINA NOW COSMOPOLITAN

The population of the Argentine Republic is cosmopolitan. Buenos Aires, the capital, has over 800,000 foreign-born; that is, about half of its people were born elsewhere. As an indica3 W. H. Koebel: The New Argentina, page 85.

4.66

page 14.

Argentine Republic," Pan-American Union Publications, 1923,

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