bors of the north the lamentable function of coarse Calibans. For the sentimental bitterness of the Spanish defeat created in us an enduring hostility toward the north. Kindly disposed toward the weak victim by a generous sentiment, which, in reality, honors Spanish America, we were not satisfied to proclaim our sympathy for Spain, but the literature of the south must consider itself under obligations to manifest dislike and even aversion for the republic of the north.

"Transcendental Hispanicism is destined to acquire living and fruitful force upon the day when it is set aright in the path of mutual comprehension and tolerance, which seems still to be somewhat remote. Therefore it is necessary that we cease to ask of Spain the examples she possessed one day, and which she to-day longs to renew with the intense aspiration of her best wills and intellects. Simultaneously it is necessary that Spain shall not demand of Americans those profound and serene virtues that can only spring up in an atmosphere enriched by ages of civilization. Loving Spain, we can, and we ought to, draw near to different kinds of culture, in order to improve and enrich our minds, because by this means shall we contribute to strengthening ourselves for future undertakings. It is therefore important to rid ourselves of the prejudices which our mistaken Hispanicism created and fostered for many years, since in Spain herself many good Spaniards applaud without stint what is admirable and praiseworthy in the United States. It is the hour for ridding ourselves of the tone of contempt or sarcasm that has prevailed for several years in southern literature whenever we referred to the north.

"What separates us from the Yankees, to be brief, is nothing but our indolence, which is incapable of engaging in a strong effort to comprehend the spirit of that wise, prudent and generous people which has already solved the essential problems of the future, or is on the eve of solving them, with enviable success. Our rich men could learn from the multi-millionaires not to consider themselves in reality as other than the transitory depositaries of the fortunes their efforts or destiny placed in their hands, as simple administrators of the possessions that Providence stored in their

vaults, and which they ought to turn to account for the benefit of the commonwealth. Our believers might well be informed of how there the religious conception, the creed, is considered as something sacred, which does not hinder men from fraternizing, but rather compels them to fraternize, with the sectaries of a different religion, the case having occurred of Christian pastors and even Jewish rabbis who pronounced, with warm accents of admiration, panegyrics upon a Catholic prelate. Our fierce don Juans might well learn there to respect woman; and indifferent fathers, veneration for his majesty, the child."

A second remarkable utterance in favor of closer relations with the United States, which also attacks strongly the Pan Latin school of orators that have had the ear of Latin America in the past, is contained in a series of articles by Señor José Barcas in Causimodo, and reproduced in English in Inter America. Señor Barcas is a young Argentine who has lived in the United States and several other American countries and is now giving himself to building up an all-American friendship, with residence at Panama, with the same devotion that Sr. Manuel Ugarte has been dedicating himself to tearing it down. Here are some of his virile statements, which have been copied by periodicals all over America:

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"To uphold and to propagate the idea of the superiority of the Latin-American over the Anglo-American is to foster between South Americans and the North Americans the same kind of grotesque and silly vanity as that which Gobineau would foster between the men of long cranium and the men of round cranium. Rodó ✶ ✶✶ exaggerated, like every man of letters, the gifts of the Greco-Latin race. His love for ancient Greece, which he calls with unequaled grace 'the smile of history,' and his temperament of a static intellectual, without falling into the Olympianism of our insignificant megalomaniacs, prevented him from comprehending that our century is infinitely greater than that of Pericles and the Renaissance put together. In 'Ariel' he declaims against the mercantilistic influences of the Saxon of the

North. We-as is natural-are Ariel, the verbum of the idealists; they are Caliban, the dark genius of the instincts. We, the beautiful sons of Apollo, are the 'idealists'; they, the ugly sons of Mercury, the 'Philistines.' This is the truth if at all, only in literature. In the world of facts it is different: we are the Philistines, and the true idealists are the Americans of the North.

"The pride of chivalrous gentlemen and polished conversationalists does not sit well upon us when we need to have the children of Caliban come to wash our faces, sanify our habitations and make us clean in order that we may have better health. What else than this signifies the attitude of the Rockefeller Institute, voting 100 million dollars to send technical expeditions commissioned to drain the malarial regions of South America? Rodó forgot, among other things, that our race has not yet produced an Emerson, a Poe, a Walt Whitman, an Edison, a Lincoln. He forgot that in that country of traders the only privileged beings are women and children, which does not happen with our romantic race of gentlemen and troubadours.

"If we had ideals, we should have a homogeneous civilization typically South American as the United States has a civilization typically Yankee. We should have a history, because we should be occupied in 'making' history and not in 'commenting upon it,' boasting vainly of what our grandfathers and our great-grandfathers did. If we had an idealistic sense of life we should not drive our claws and teeth into the neck of the Messíahs who bring us a new creed; we should not combat, with persecution, prison and exile, the one who professes, not the ideas of yesterday or of the day before yesterday, but the ideas of to-day, to-morrow and the day after to-morrow. Let us not confound, in Heaven's name, Philistines disguised as romantics with true idealists."

Heilo Lobo of Brazil, another splendid example of the young men who have examined their country with critical affection and have their eyes toward the future, has pointed out in a recent study, "Cousas Diplomaticas" (Affairs Diplomatic) that the relationships between Brazil and the United

States have always been most cordial and his country has never had the least reason to feel slighted by the Northern Republic. He shows conclusively the unfairness of the arguments of Eduardo Prado.

Raffiel Urtecho of Nicaragua has pointed out a most important matter when he insists that there is no real cause for rivalry or ill-feeling between the two schools of thought under discussion. He says:

"It has been said by some that Pan Americanism consists in that sentiment of solidarity which ought to exist solely between nations of the same race, and which would be expressed by the term Pan Hispanism; but inasmuch as the latter is a sentiment, a memory, a devotion to Spain and to everything of Spanish origin, rather than anything else, it does not argue the existence of any incompatibility between the two ideas. On the contrary, Pan Hispanism, as Dr. Porras has said, will serve as a counterpoise to prevent the absorption and annihilation of the absorbent elements themselves. The two doctrines can therefore be perfectly coexistent. Nothing hinders the Hispano-American countries from preserving throughout the vicissitudes of time the distinctive characteristics that are peculiar to them: their own customs, their language, their religion, all that constitutes their particular type of civilization.

"Devotion then to these ideals in no way weakens the efficacy of the Pan American doctrine, for this devotion is a sublime abstraction, like love for one's country. It does not imply any plan, any alliance or political league, which is the basic principle of Pan Americanism.

"This doctrine is a defensive bulwark for the weak nations of Spanish America. If ever, by misfortune, in the hazards of fate, this bulwark should fall tottering to the earth, these countries would become the spoils of the European or Asiatic nations.

"Our own existence is bound up intimately with that of the great North American nation. We need from her the protection that her power and authority mean to America; she needs from us that we cooperate in the common defence with loyalty and good will. We constitute vulnerable points

upon the continent whereby the North American nation can be attacked in her vital interests. All that makes for weakness or for strength in us does the same for her; and therefore the United States is anxious that we bid farewell to our disorderly political life, to the proverbial administrative jumble in which we have lived, and that we make of ourselves entities worthy of respect."

Dr. Javier Prado, Rector of the University of San Marcos at Lima, Peru, in a commencement address, praises the soundness of North American life and institutions, as follows:

"Facing reality, the United States is a nation orientated and in continuous tension toward life and action. Her feeling is lively and expansive, her intellect clear and penetrating, her character firm, energetic, and audacious. She possesses will, enthusiasm, faith, and idealism for effort and great enterprises.

"Every man is valued for his energy and activity and he finds open paths for the development of his spirit of endeavor. The true stimulus and pride of the American consists in being the child of effort, in struggling and in triumphing. Obstacle and danger attract and stimulate his energies, and the greater they are, the greater are his eagerness and satisfaction in facing and overcoming them.

"The American's activity never rests. It embraces every kind of life and occupation, passing from one to another with admirable facility, rapidity, and adaptation. His energy feels the impulse to go always onward and upward. Thus progress never stops, but advances and spreads without limitation and without end.

"In the field of labor the North American earnestly seeks wealth, but this does not constitute, as many erroneously fancy, the aim of his existence. He does not pursue it or esteem it as something to be hoarded, but as a means and agent of his activity ever in movement, and as a power creative of new enterprises. American wealth in continual circulation thus develops and multiplies incalculable energies, and its treasures never stagnate or become exhausted, but