in a position to struggle with great advantage against any of our Latin American nations, but she will certainly not attempt it while the. United States shows itself formidable.

"It is not the much debated Monroe Doctrine that saves us, but it is the force that is behind this Doctrine. It is not the altruistic love of the United States that favors us, but the national interests of the Yankees that no European power shall establish itself nor become a preponderant influence on this continent; and if this does not behoove the United States, no less does it behoove the Latin American nations, for we might easily lose our autonomy and become colonies of European countries.

"Besides these political considerations there are also economic considerations which are of great importance. Since, therefore, there does not only exist reciprocity of economic interests but political interests among all the peoples of this continent, why not come to a definite understanding, in order that there may disappear all that is disagreeable, undesirable and dangerous in our relations and foment and develop all that is good and that we recognize as necessary? Let us establish at once Pan Hispanism as a secure basis for Continentalism which will be the perpetual guarantee for all the peoples of the New World.

"If I say Continentalism instead of Pan Americanism it is because the last term is somewhat discredited among the Latin American people, who take it as a concept that involves the hegemony of the United States over the rest of the continent. Let the United States and Latin America persuade themselves that America cannot occupy its proper place in the balance of world power until it is united politically. With the establishment of continentalism, America will occupy its proper place among the nations, maintaining the equilibrium of the world, a work for which it has been predestined."

To a certain extent the two schools of thought, into which Southern America is divided,-Pan Latinism and Pan Americanism, revolve around mere sentiment and misunderstanding. Tancredo Pinochet, a Chilean who has lived in several countries of North and South America, has recently

written a most excellent book called "The Gulf of Misunderstanding," which shows how the Latin American for various reasons has completely misunderstood the North American. Due to many of the influences mentioned in the early part of this chapter Señor Pinochet shows that the North American has been misjudged in regard to such important subjects as materialism, imperialism, treatment of the negroes, woman suffrage, marriage and divorce, religion and education.

In so far as the prejudice of Latin Americans against the United States is due to misunderstandings and enemy propaganda, and the attacks of the Pan Latinists are unjust, we should counteract this movement with a careful campaign for spreading the truth—a serious task which challenges the best and noblest talent of the nation. In so far as are just these claims that we are rude, uncultured, unsympathetic, materialistic, lacking in appreciation of others' good qualities, interested only in their mines, their oil, their wheat and their territory, we should strive with all our power to correct them. Happily there are to-day many organizations in both the continents that are working unselfishly and unceasingly on both of these problems.

North Americans should always make it clear that they do not object to but rather approve the Latin family standing together, just as they believe that it is a good thing for English-speaking peoples to stand together, so long as it is not for the purpose of resisting other racial groups. Indeed, all those who have come to appreciate the beauties and wonders of Hispanic culture would be glad to see this culture conserved by its inheritors. A close relationship between the mother countries of Spain and Portugal with their children in America, not antagonistic to others, should rejoice the world. The same should be the case of unity among the various Latin peoples of America. President Brum of Uruguay has recently stated that all Latin America should form a federation among themselves and enter unitedly with the United States into an inter-American agreement. Thus he thought Latin America's prestige might be increased as well as her contribution to Pan Americanism. The North American colony in Montevideo immediately approved this sug

gestion. When Panama recently appealed to Argentina, denying the validity of the decision of the United States concerning territory under dispute with Costa Rica, Secretary of State Hughes willingly sent all documents in the case to the Argentine authorities. Unity of family groups among nations can do only good so long as they are based on justice and good will, not for themselves alone but for the rest of the world.

Sources of Further Information on Pan Americanism vs.
Pan Latinism

ALTAMIRA, RAFAEL: España en América.
ARAQUISTAIN, Luís: El Peligro Yanquí.

BERENGUER, FERNANDO: El Hispano-Americanismo.
-BLANCO-FOMBONA: Grandes Escritores de América.

BULNES, FRANCISCO: Las Grandes Mentiras de Nuestra Historia. Calderón, F. GARCÍA: La Creación de un Continente, Wilsonismo. ENRÍQUEZ R. DE ZAYAS: "La Nueva Democracia," August, 1920. -GARRIGO, ROQUE E.: América para los Americanos. GAXIOLA, JOSÉ: La Frontera de la Raza.

GIBERGA, ELISEO: El Pan Americanismo y el Pan Hispanismo.
GODOY, F. GARCÍA: Literatura Americana de Nuestros Días.
LOBO, HELIO: Causas Diplomáticas.

MANERO, ANTONIO: México y la Solidaridad Americana.
ORTIZ, FERNANDO: La Reconquista de la América.

PINOCHET, TANCREDO: The Gulf of Misunderstanding.

POSADA, ADOLFO: En América, una Campaña.

PEREYRA, CARLOS: El Crimen de Woodrow Wilson.

-PRADO, EDUARDO: A Ilusao Americano.

PRADA, JAVIER: La Nueva Epoca y los Destinos Históricos de

los Estados Unidos.

RODÓ, JOSÉ ENRIQUE: Ariel.

-UGARTE, M.: El Porvenir de la América Latina.

-VARGAS VILA, J. M.: Ante los Barbaros.

World Peace Foundation: The New Pan Americanism, Part II. Files of Inter-America and La Reforma Social.

Chapter X

NEXT STEPS IN INTER-AMERICAN FRIENDSHIP

Let us, in conclusion, glance at the past and then look for a moment at the possible future of inter-American relations. The cool monopolizing of the name "American" by the peo ple of the United States alone shows how difficult it is for us to include in our consciousness the other twenty Ameri-) can republics. Many even of the great North American advocates of world brotherhood pass by Hispanic America as though it did not exist. There may have been excuses for this in the past, but certainly there is none today and the continuance of such an attitude involves a tremendous peril,

The rest of the world is watching these growing young nations with the deepest interest, recognizing the far-reaching developments that already foretell the important place these countries are to occupy in future world life. On the other hand, the rest of the world is coming to count North America's attitude toward these nearest neighbors as the best interpretation of our whole national life. We cannot render the service we should in bringing about world brotherhood until we have set our own house in order. It ought to be of profound concern to every North American that one of the best known poems in Latin America, a favorite recitation even for school children, is one by the celebrated Rubén Darío, the following being a partial translation of this awful indictment of North American Materialism, dedicated to President Roosevelt :

"Tis only with the Bible and Walt Whitman's verse,

That you the mighty hunter are reached by other men.
You're primitive and modern, you're simple and complex,
A veritable Nimrod, with aught of Washington.

You are the United States.

You are the future foe

Of free America that keeps its Indian blood,

That prays to Jesus Christ, and speaks in Spanish still.
You are a fine example of a strong and haughty race,
The United States are rich; they're powerful and great;
They join the cult of Mammon to that of Hercules,

And when they stir or roar the very Andes shake ***
And though you count on all, one thing is lacking-God!"
Version of E. C. Hills.

Latin America did not always think of us in that way. In the early days of her struggle into national life she admired us and looked forward to an American. Union. The great Bolívar called the Panama Congress in 1826 to form an American League of Nations, and said:

"When more favorable circumstances afford us more frequent communications and closer relations, we shall hasten, with the liveliest interest, to set on foot, on our part, the American covenant, which by forming one political body of all our republics, shall present America to the world with an aspect of majesty and greatness without parallel among the ancient nations. America, thus united, will be able to call herself the queen of nations, the mother of republics."

That wonderful spirit of the South was matched by an equally great champion of American Unity in the North, the indomitable Henry Clay, who, in urging Congress to recognize the struggle of the Spanish colonies, said:

"In the establishment of the independence of Spanish America the United States has the deepest interest. I have no hesitation in asserting my firm belief that there is no question in the foreign policy of this country which has ever arisen or can arise in the decision of which we can have so much at stake. This interest affects our politics, our commerce, our navigation. These Spanish-American governments, once independent, will be animated by an American feeling and guided by an American policy. *** We are their great example. Of us they constantly speak as of brothers, having a similar origin. They adopt our principles, copy our institutions and often employ the very language and sentiments of our revolutionary papers.”