government. Most cases, especially those involving the possession of real estate, have been heard in the capacity of arbitrator rather than of judge.

In general it may be said that firmness and justice appear as the chief essentials in the government of a region like this. While one would not be justified this early in proposing any radical modifications in the form of government, it is evident that in certain critical cases under the present separation of the provin cial and military officers of the government it might be impossible for a governor to carry out his policy. At present the greater part of the subprovince is not heard from for six months at a time. Our government may be said to have been thus far almost nonexistent on the Saltan River region in the northeast. It is of course highly important that one or more constabulary stations be immediately established in addition to the one in Bontoc pueblo. It is also evident that the constabulary officer at Lubwagen, for instance, would be practically the only representative of the American Government in half of the subprovince. Communication at present is impossible. All that part of the subprovince is afraid to come to Bontoc on account of Sadanga. And there is not an Igorrote in the entire subprovince who can read or write Spanish or Ilocano execpt two or three on the southwest border, where the few Filipinos above mentioned live. Without the administrative efforts of the constabulary officer the road entering that region can not be built. He will also need to act as if he were a justice of the peace. But while he practically must administer the government of that region in all of its departments, he can not officially report to the provincial government or take orders from the latter. A question for further consideration may perhaps be whether there should not be two or three agents of the civil government stationed in this subprovince, reporting to the lieutenant-governor. If such agents be Americans, they need not be necessarily above the rank of clerks who have passed the second-grade examination. This arrangement, combined with a system of constabulary patrols and in some places with a telegraph line, should bring such regions into close touch with the central administration.

There is neither taxation nor a fully organized municipality in this subprovince. We have kept almost unchanged what we found-the old Igorrote organization. Proposed changes can be best discussed in a future report, after a little experience has been obtained. No doubt an experiment will be made before then in the case of advanced pueblos, those around Sagada. The presidentes apparently will favor the change, because they will then have salaries. Whether or not the real power behind the presidentes in those pueblos-the "ricos," who have the rice-will favor a property tax is questionable. And a real danger to the government might be the cry No tax," which has been already raised by the religious fanatics of the new society, the Sapilada," which, as seen below, recently started in those pueblos. I do not believe, however, that this will spread enough to be dangerous.

In general the attitude toward the American Government is very favorable. We are much better liked than were the "insurrectos," by whom the Igorrotes were treated worse than by the Spaniards. Both imposed more burdens on them than we. The only cases of something like defiance have been the wild population of Barlig, already mentioned, and of the neighboring town of Lias. Both, however, have greatly improved in the last two months.

INDUSTRIAL AND MORAL PROBLEMS.

There exists here but little more than aboriginal industry. There seems, but little exchange beyond Bontoc pueblo, except between adjoining towns; hence the system of barter is still employed. No money is taken into some places except where an American passes through once a year or so. Money, therefore, is often of less use as a medium of exchange than rice, "head axes," or pigs, in which prices are generally quoted. Even in the more advanced pueblos money is to a great extent buried. Nearly all that the natives have received during the American occupation has been paid them from the provincial treasury for public works and other official purposes.

With peace and roads and, finally, draft animals, some commerce may gradually arise. At present tobacco and salt are the chief articles carried to a distance. Breechcloths are needed less often; they last longer. There is practically nothing produced here for the outside world. Of course bulky products will not pay their transportation to the coast. Coffee seems an ideal crop, but the natives care too little for innovations or money to do anything with it unless the white man establishes the industry. This is one of the few provinces in which many products of the Temperate Zone may be raised. Seeds from Amer

ica have been distributed to hundreds of people on my provincial trips, but they appear to have been a poor lot.

What is needed here, as in many places where progress is to be made, is, first of all, to create new wants; secondly, to give the education-industrial and otherwise-which will fit the people to satisfy this greater range of wants. These processes are a matter not of years only, but of generations. This is true even as regards warm and sanitary houses in Bontoc pueblo and the use of clean and sufficient clothing to protect the people from the cold.

Both the mission and the school are paying more attention at present to these problems than in the provincial government. The mission properly feels that its work is largely civilizing and not merely religious. Its dispensary work merits the highest praise. No other medical attendance can be secured in the subprovince. It deserves to be recognized as a semiofficial institution, as in many respects is done. The immense industrial school building is nearly completed, and it is hoped will solve the chief educational problems as regards not only the industry but the government of Igorrote communities. We can hardly have organized municipalities, for instance, without at least a secretary who can read and write. While the natives do not want outsiders, they seem unwilling or unable to keep a few of their own children in school long enough to prepare them for such posts. The chief difficulty is economic, as in other countries, and a boarding school will solve the problem.

I may note in passing an Igorrote religious craze, which may be of interest both in ecclesiastical and governmental circles. The towns around Anquileng and Sagada are in a state of religicus fervor bordering on fanaticism. The two native religious organizations, the Guardia de Honor, which came from the Ilocanos, and the Sapilada, which was started by an Igorrote, of Anquileng, named Degan, are working their devotees into a frenzy and allowing them neither proper nourishment nor time for necessary work. I visited two meeting places of the Honor and one of the Sapilada in Balugang one night and found them first of all to be "Seekers after God," if the same phrase may be applied to Igorrates that was applied to Roman philosophers. The services of the Honor follow closely the Ilocano version of the Catholic service as prepared by the Agustinians. The chief native element in both societies seems to be the dancing or rythmic movements accompanying the service, in which the sexes were mingled. The Sapilada devotees being entirely illiterate, have invented a most astonishing service of nonsense syllables, of which they all say, leaders and laymen, no one understands a word. The significant feature in their organizations is their constant acceptance of their dreaming as revelations. Degan told me the order started six years ago with his visions. He is a simple, ignorant Igorrote youth, very poor, and certainly has no comprehension of the significance of his movement. Indeed, he, as well as the whole assembly in Balugang, assured me that they would welcome the coming of an American father who could teach them how to worship better and in their own language.

The government has an interest in the craze, because the dreaming of the Sapilada leaders may, to say the least, get beyond the control of Degan. The Igorrote prophetess, who is at the head of the order in Balili, has twice come to the provincial offices in a fine frenzy, the burden of her cry being no tax and "all are equal." The last time she also asked for cartridge to use in their reeds, with which they are drilling so they can be equal to the soldiers." And she thinks the constabulary officers ought to give each town two guns to deposit in the house of Degan. Degan disavows all this. They also prophesy that this year, the seventh year of their work and preparations, a great general is coming to them. Perhaps this is an echo of the belief of the Guardia de Honor that a Messiah is soon to come. To an American this naturally suggests the Messiah craze among the Sioux and other Indians in 1881, at least as regards its possibilities.

A good portion of the past six months has been spent in the field. I have made two long trips of about a month each into the most distant parts of the province. A stop of several hours has been made in every pueblo but one of the distant parts north and east. The travel is on foot, wading and swimming riv-. ers and climbing almost impassable mountain sides. One barrio was found, Dalupa, into which no white man, Spaniard or American, had ever before entered. Several smaller trips were made amongst the pueblos nearer Bontoc. In all, some 60 or 70 pueblos have been visited, many two or more times. Scores of presidentes and vice-presidentes have been appointed, and nearly all presidentes have now been supplied with coats as a badge of office. They appreciate this highly, as they do also the official canes with which about half had already

been supplied. Two great cañaos or feasts were prepared to give the sanction of Igorrote custom to the most important affairs of the government, especially in making peace between warring pueblos. One of these is now under way at Bontoc, to reach its culmination the Fourth of July, as last year. The other was given at the northernmost town, Balbalasan, as it was impossible to persuade the presidentes beyond Lubwagon to come to Bontoc, although a guard was offered them. Other towns, even on the Chico River below Bontoc, sent visitors to their capital for the first time. That country still trades in Abra rather than with Bontoc and Candon. In the trip to the Saltan region a civilization was found among the Tinguianes and Calingas of that territory somewhat higher than that of the Igorrotes of the rest of the subprovince.

Very respectfully,

DANIEL FOLKMAR, Lieutenant-Governor, Bontoc Subprovince.

The PROVINCIAL GOVERNOR OF LEPANTO-BONTOC,

Cervantes, P. I.

Report of the lieutenant-governor of Amburayan.

ALILEM, July 5, 1904.

SIR: I have the honor to submit a brief report of general conditions in the subprovince of Amburayan for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1904.

The subprovince of Amburayan is supposed to comprehend the territory known under the Spanish Government as the comandancia of Amburayan. This territory extended from Sigay on the north to Cabali on the south, the watershed of the coast range mountains marking the eastern boundary. The western boundary is very indefinite, but the foothills adjoining the plains or the rice lands of the coast are generally conceded to belong to Amburayan.

The subprovince is very rough and broken generally. There are many swift rivers that have their source in the coast-range mountains. Among these are the Chico, Bacun, Iba, and the Amburayan.

There is considerable valuable timber along these streams and in the foothills, such as narra, molave, salngen, quitaquita, banaba, bal-latinao, agañang, carrarem, calantas, libo, bannasi, bulala, and many others. There are also some gum trees and rubber of an inferior kind.

The trails of Amburayan are few and in poor condition. There was at one time a fairly good trail from the coast to Alilem and from Alilem north to Concepcion, but through long neglect they have become practically impassable. We are much in need of a direct trail from Amburayan to Cervantes. Such a road would shorten communication between the provincial capital and the people of Amburayan, and would materially benefit the entire province of LepantoBontoc by furnishing a direct route to the coast. At present, in order to reach Cervantes from Alilem we are obliged to go over Tilad Pass, requiring from two to four days in the dry season and from seven to ten days in the rainy season. A good trail from Cervantes direct to Amburayan is not only possible but practicable. Either such a road must be built or the existing trails in Amburayan should be put in condition and new communications opened. In my opinion, the former would be more desirable and much cheaper.

The inhabitants of Amburayan are Igorrotes, numbering about 20,000. Of these, perhaps 3,000 are nuevo-christianos, and 100 Filipinos. The common language of the people is Igorrote, but about one-third of them can understand and speak Ilocano, and occasionally there is one that can read and write Ilocano. At present there are 5 organized districts, each comprising from 5 to 15 barrios or rancherías. The districts are Sigay, Suyo, Sugpon, Bacun, and Alilem, with the capital of the subprovince at Alilem. The district officials are in conformity with act 387 of the civil commission. They are all Igorrotes, with the exception of two or three secretary-treasurers. The people are manifesting great interest in their local governments, and some of the officials show especial aptitude. As a rule, however, they have to be instructed at every step, and do nothing without direction. This, of course, is no more than should be expected in the beginning. Up to the present year the officials have served without pay, but with the income derived from the sale of cedulas, the districts will have money enough to pay salaries this year and part of last year's. The WAR 1904-VOL 11-34

salaries of presidents and secretary-treasurers average about 10 pesos per month.

The inhabitants are not over industrious, but they raise a little more than enough for their own consumption. Their principal crops are rice and camotes (sweet potatoes). They also cultivate, in a small way, sugar cane, cotton, tobacco, and cacao. The lower valleys are especially adapted to cacao raising. There are large tracts of grazing land on the mounain slopes and foothills, and formerly there were many large herds of cattle and carrabaos in this subprovince, but rinderpest and other diseases have swept them all away, with the exception of a small number of carrabaos and a few cattle here and there; hardly animals enough remain to plow the rice fields.

However, the general conditions in the subprovince have improved somewhat during the past year. The people have more and larger crops, especially quickgrowing crops, such as corn and camotes, than they have had for several years. They are anxious to try American seeds, to plant cacao and coffee, and to improve themselves generally. They are also very anxious that a public school should be established, with an American teacher. The district of Alilem employed a native teacher to teach English for three months during this year. The average attendance was 45 boys and 38 girls, all Igorrote children. This attendance, which was during the busy season, is very promising, and is well worthy of mention.

In conclusion, I may state that effort has been made to gain the good will and confidence of the people. In our advice and instruction we have endeavored to be practical; in settling their differences, we have tried to be just. If we have succeeded in doing these things during the last year, it is a beginning, and we are in a position to do more and better work in the future.

Very respectfully,

WALTER F. HALE, Lieutenant-Governor of Amburayan.

The PROVINCIAL GOVERNOR OF LEPANTO-BONTOC.

Cervantes, P. I.

REPORT OF THE GOVERNOR OF THE PROVINCE OF LEYTE.

OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR, PROVINCE OF LEYTE,
Tacloban, August 6, 1904.

SIR: I have the honor to forward herewith my annual report for the year ending June 30, 1904:

COMMERCIAL.

The commerce of the province of Leyte is carried on chiefly by the Chinese, though there are other commercial houses that are doing a good business.

Hemp and copra are the principal products exported and rice the principal article imported.

The hemp is bought up from the cleaner in small quantities by the agents of the different commercial houses or by small dealers. These, in turn, forward or sell to the shippers, who then bale and prepare it for shipping.

The greater portion of the hemp from the interior and the east coast, as far south as Cabalian, is sent to Tacloban, to be shipped to Manila. All the hemp from the west coast, including the island of Biliran, or from the town of Leyte to the town of Malitbog, is shipped to Cebu.

During the past fiscal year there were approximately 119,352 piculs shipped from Tacloban and 70,000 piculs shipped from Carigara. The amount shipped from the west coast for the same year was about 211.500 piculs. At an average value of 25 pesos a picul, resulting in a total sale of 10,021,300 pesos. Copra is bought up in the same manner as the hemp and shipped as follows:

Tacloban

Carigara

West coast

Piculs.

60,424 28, 522 250,000

There has been a great falling off in the shipping of these two products amounting to nearly 20 per cent less than the fiscal year 1902-3.

Corn, one of the minor products exported, is rapidly increasing in importance. Although the second crop is just being gathered the shipments from the southwest coast for the fiscal year amounted to over 8,500 cavanes. This, being shelled, finds a ready market in the neighboring islands.

The importing of rice is one of the principal features of the commerce of the province. This article is brought from Manila and Cebu to the different commercial houses, who in turn sell to small dealers and agents throughout the province according to the demand. This demand varies in the different parts according to the amount of local production. There has been a slight increase in the home production, causing a corresponding decrease in the amount imported. During the last six months of the fiscal year this decrease has become more pronounced, especially so along the north and west coasts of the province. The importation of merchandise, liquors, manufactured articles, food stuffs, and textiles shows no marked increase; however an increasing demand for American machinery is being built up.

FINANCIAL.

The following will show the financial conditions of the province for the fiscal year ending June 30:

Of the above collections 101,237.25 and 49,975.27 Pfs. is the provincial share.

Reducing the Mexican currency to Philippine currency at 1.15, we have the total revenues of the province for the fiscal year amounting to 114,694.

Reducing the expenditures of Mexican currency at the same ratio, the provincial disbursements amount to 156,612.42 or 11,918.42 in excess of the revenues. It is probable that during the coming year expenditures for permanent equipment may be materially reduced. Owing to the great necessity of roads and bridges throughout the province the expenditures for this purpose ought not to be reduced until more of this work is completed.

For court and incidental expenses the same amount as during the past fiscal year will probably be required. For construction and repairs the expenditures will be approximately the same.

Approximately 20,000 will be needed to construct the provincial school building. It is obvious, therefore, that there must be considerable economy practiced during the present fiscal year in order that the province may be able to meet its obligations.

The expenditures, reduced to Philippine currency, were as follows: