lands 6; Brazils, Monte Video 25; Leghorn, Messina, Genoa 38; Trieste 1; Smyrna 5; Cape of Good Hope 1; China 8; Sumatra 1; Africa 4; South seas 1 -Total 762. LOUISIANA, &c. A writer in the “Louisiana Advertiser,"who is furnishing a series of essays to shew a depreciated value in the products of that state, and the necessity of some change in the business of the banks to afford relief to the community, gives the following statements The state of Louisiana cannot produce this year more than 60,000 bales cotton, which will not ex ceed an average price of 40 dolls per bale 10,000 hhds. sugar, at an average of 60 dols. per hhd. 5,000 hhds. molasses, at an average of 13 dolls. per hhd. Whence it will appear, that the proportion of cotton, (viz: 60,000 bales), allotted to the state of Lou. isiana is not underrated, and that the estimate of ten million five hundred thousand dollars, as the aggre gate amount of produce deposited and sold in our market, is correct. It would appear then, that the net proceeds of the product of our state will not amount to more than one million and a half of dollars for the present year; out of which the planters have to pay to one bank, nearly that amount, for loans obtained a year ago; and for which that bank has been obliged long since to advance the specie." Now, it would seem from this statement that 2,400,000 the employment of slave labor is not profitable, even in Louisiana. A million and a half only is 600,000 left to recompense thirty millions of capital invested, which, at 6 per cent. is 1,800,000. So that the 9,000 capital does not yield more than five per cent, per annum. This was the rate that we made out as the profit of capital vested in Madison county, Alabama, see page 243; and it is more than the average profit estimated on the product of cotton in South Carolina, at its present price: see the article, page 216. 3,009,000 From which is to be deducted, the main- 1,504,500 Leaving a balance in favor of the planters of this state, one million five hundred and four thou. sand five hundred dollars, The only recompense for the employment of upwards of thirty millions of dollars capital for one year. To men, who have not given that proposition a due consideration, the foregoing statement will appear improbable; but, to put that statement out of question, and to establish my premises beyond a doubt, I will also lay before my readers a general view of the deposits of produce which have heretofore been made in our market, viz: From the states of Tennessee and Alabama, there 10,000 hds. tobacco, which which will LONDON. A lord mayor's feast. Alderman Her. gate, being elected to the mayoralty of London, lately gave the usual banquet, ball, &c. Two of the "royal dukes" and a good number of lords and ladies were present, &c. A London paper giving an account of the affair, says-The following is the bill of fare of the above feast. From its contents, strangers may form some distinct conception of what is meant by a city feast, and by city eating. The provision is provided on a scale of the capaci ties of 1300 guests, for that was the number of those who signified their intention of dining with his lordship: Imprimis-3000 pounds of real turtle, which will fill upwards of 200 tureens-300 dishes of game, hares, pheasants, partridges, &c. &c. and some of the finest and rarest species-84 fowls-30 peacocks-80 turkeys-34 sirloins of beef-24 stewed rumps of beef-48 hams-60 tongues-48 large 350,000 pigeon pies-30 large raised pies-48 fish of the 150,000 finest species-28 ragouts-128 jellies, creams, &c. &c.-60 large fruit piés-36 large marrow puddings 2,000,000-50 sallads-48 large dishes of curious cookery, each of which would take a chapter to describe 100 full grown pine apples-200 pounds of the 700,000 finest grapes-250 ice creams; and pears, apples, olives, cakes, and dried fruit of the finest and rare 525,000 est description. 575,000 From the states of Kentucky, Ohio, &c. we have, heretofore, received 20,000 hhds. tobacco, ave. raged 35 dolls. per hhd. 150,000 lbs. flour, averaged 3 dolls. 50 cents per bbl. Rork, lard, beef, hogs, &c. &c. And from the state of Mississippi, 70,000 bales cotton, at a average price this year of 40 dolls. per bale. Recapitulation of produce. Louisiana, gross amount, 60,000 bales cotton, &c.* Tennessee and Alabama 50,000 bales cotton, &c. Kentucky, Ohio, &c. tobacco, &c. &c. Mississippi, 70,000 bales cotton CHINA. Factories at Canton.-They lie nearly 1,800,000 E. and W.-at the E. end the 1st is Ewo-Hong, "Righteousness and Peace factory," commonly called the Creek factory. At the front of it is a custom house, where the tide waiters, to examine ship's boats, reside: it is called Hong-how-kwan-how. The custom house behind the factories, for what is in front to Europeans landing, is behind relatively to people in the city. 2 800,000 3,900,000 2d. Tseep-ee Hong, "Assembled Righteousnesses 2,000,000 factory"-The Dutch factory. 1,800 000 3d. Pow-wo-hong, "The factory that ensures tran2,800,000 quility"-The English factory. Next to this factory there is a narrow lane, with small shops on one 10,500,000 side, were seamen procure cloths, spirits, &c. called, by Europeans, "Hog lane;" by the Chinese *There is something wrong in these figures, but Tow-lan-kae. we cannot put them right: it is so in our copy. TED. REG. 4th. Fung-tae-Hong, "Affluent great factory," called the "Chow chow" factory, intimating, that it is occupied by a variety of persons, Parsees, Moor-congress to consider this effect of the revenue sys men, &c. 5th Lung shun hong, "The gloriously prosperous factory""-the old English factory. 6th. Suy Hong, "The Swedish factory"-for Swede, the Canton people say "Suy." tem for it will be difficult to give a good reason why manufactured goods should be imported at an average duty of 20 per cent. and other articles at 55-why our laws should thus encourage the im. portation of articles which we can make at home, 7th. May ying Hong, "The twin eagle factory"-and discourage the importation of those which are the Imperial factory. 8th. Pow-shun Hong, "The precious prosperous factory." 9th. Man-yune Hong, "The factory of ten thou sand fountains " 10th Kwong yune Hong, "the factory of wide fountain"-the American factory. Here a street, containing shops, were Europeans make their vari-commerce, not merely in articles of domestic, but ous small purchases, intervenes, called "Chinastreet;" s met mes new China street, in contra- is. tinction from a street that runs at right angles to this one, and which is called "Old China street." By the Chinese called Sunkae, "New street," and Tsing yune kae. 11th. Een tze chaou, "The swallow's nest" the corner factory. necessary to our wants; and, above all, why they tax: the produce of our good customers so high, and the produce of our bad customers so low. The principal markets for our produce, except cotton and tobacco, are the West Indies, South America, the West. ern Islands, Spain, Portugal and the Mediterranean with all which countries we carry on a profitable also of foreign exports, from which our imports are almost entirely specific goods-from most of which we import a balance of specie; and yet, on whose productions we impose a duty of more than 55 per cent, though we pay for them with our own produce: while the silks of China, for which we pay in specie, are subject to a duty of 15 per cent.; the manufactures of England, from which the bulk of our produce is excluded, pay only 20. It would certainly seem to be a wise policy in our government, to give every encouragement to trade with those countries who will consume the most of our domestic exports--to put on their imports a low 12th. Tung sang Hong, "The factory produced in the East"-occupied by a Hong merchant:-one of his brethren calls his house or factory Seishing Hong, "Formed in the West," probably intimating, that he owed his commencement to Europeans. 13th. Kaw.kung Hong, "Old Public Hong"-rate of duty: It would seem best calculated to prothe French factory. mote the general prosperity of the various branches 14th. Luy-sung Hong, "The Luzon factory" of national industry: but, by a strange work of i.e the Spanish factory. 15th. Tung-foo Hong, "The factory of mutual trust" occupied by a Hong Merchant. 16th. Wo. g-he Hong, "The yellow-flag factory,' -the Danish factory rem, Revenue-specific duties. calculation, the directly opposite course has been pursued. Duties seem to have been imposed in a ratio inverse to the national interest-a spirit of perversity seems to have guided the public coun. cils-a species of madness has pervaded our legis. lation, of which our trade with the island of Madeira and Russia furnishes memorable examples. In 1821, our domestic exports to Madeira were $193,000, MR. NILES-In comparing the relative effects of our imports from thence $190,000. In the same the increase of imposts on ad valorem and specific year,our domestic exports to Russia were $127,000, goods, it is unnecessary to go into a minute classi our imports from thence $1.852,000: exporting to fication; for general purposes, it is sufficient to con Russia 66,000 less, and importing thence 1,662,000 sider ad valorem as manufactured goods, and all more than from Madeira. The duty on Madeira others as specific-but, to avoid misconception, I wine is one dollar a gailon, equal to 75 per cent. ad will bere state, that, in speaking of the policy of valorem-while the duty on Russia duck is two encouraging our trade in specific goods, of impos dollars a piece, hemp 30, and iron 15 dollars a ton, ing high duties on those and low ones on ad valo-averaging an ad valorem duty of about 20 per cent. except iron, hemp, lead, flax, duck, sheet By comparing our present tariff with the public ing, &c. which, though specific goods, are raw ma documents, this will be found to be only one of the terials or manufactures which this country is fully many illustrations of our present policy. It has able to furnish, and to the import of which the been selected as an instance of the total want of same objections apply as to the import of cottons all statesman like policy; as evincing a total want or woollens. of regard to the agricultural, commercial and maIt seems, from the statements in my former num-nufacturing interest of the country-and exhibiting, ber, that the increase of imposts on ad valorem in a striking point of view, the ruinous effects of goods is no evidence of the increased prosperity of increase of imports of manufactured articles. We the country for they produce no increased demand will pursue the comparison a little further-the for our produce, and cause five dollars to be sent revenue from Madeira wine, for 1821, was $93,480; out of the country for every dollar which goes into this wine was paid for by the produce of our soil, the treasury: But, generally speaking, the same it could not be made in the country, it displaced objection does not apply to the importation of spe- no domestic materials, and interfered with no docific goods. We have seen that, to produce a re-mestic manufacture, and it was the produce of one venue of $7.545,000 from ad valorem imposts, the of our best customers: In the same year, the duties importations amount to $36,560,000-whereas, to on Russia and Ravens duck and sheeting amounted produce a revenue of $8,712,000 from specific im-to $123,824; of this amount of duck and sheeting, posts, the importation amounts only to $15,650,000 only one fourteenth part was paid for in domestic so that, altho' the specific imports are 21,000,000 exports, (for that is the proportion between our dolls. less than the ad valorem, they yield 1,167,000 domestic exports to Russia and our imports from dolls, more of revenue. The average rate of spe- thence-being 127 to 1852). The treasury valuation -cific duties is 55 per cent. Thus, to bring into of 74,600 pieces of duck and sheeting, is but little the treasury 8,712,000 dollars, it requires that only less than 800,000 dollars, of which we pay in our 15,650,000 dollars be sent out of the country; less own produce one fourteenth part, say 57,000 dolls. than two to one. It is well worthy the attention of the balance, say 743,000 dollars, we must pay in foreign exports or money. Duck or sheeting can The exports, in the same year, were- Silk All other ad valorem Cigars Total exports (domestic) $6,072 66 31,089 44,405 1,884 39,654 4.835 127,939 (foreign) 10,385 4,427, These statements are taken from the statistical tables of 1821, and, as far as our official documents It seems to me that we can now very easily ascer. *Other tain how far an increase of revenue, by imposts, promotes the prosperity of the country at large. My mind has come to this conclusion-that, by the increase of revenue from importations from countries which afford us a proportionately increased market for domestic or foreign produce, the coun try will prosper-but that it will decline when the present a full and detailed view of our commerce with Russia. Imports $1.852,000; exports increased revenue arises from importations from $628,000; balance against us $1,224,000. The countries which afford us no increased market, and duty on this amount of the balance of imports is, when we must buy on credit, pay by the remittance of stock or specie, or the profits of our trade with say 250,000 dollars, and is a gain to the treasury but none to the country; we should have the same mar. nations who deal more liberally. The preceding ket for our foreign and domestic produce if we facts will enable the reader to form his own conclu- imported 1,224.000 dollars less from Russia: as we sions. The increase of our revenue has been al hav there o market for more than 628,000 dolls. most entirely from ad valorem goods, (foreign ma- the country can gain nothing by importing more. nufactures), and has produced no new or increased This is very certain. But the loss is very greatdemand for our products, and, therefore, cannot the import of 1,852,000 dollars gives us a market have benefitted the country. It will be well to for only 628,000 dollars-but, if the articles now inquire if it has not been a very serious injury? If imported were made at home, then there would be in political economy, there is a proposition which an additional market for, at least, 1.224,000 dollars will meet with universal assent, it is that a system more of domestic materials, labor and subsistence, of revenue which is built on the encouragement of which are now useless, unemployed and unsalea. foreign and the depression of domestic industry, is ble. It would give a new aspect to Kentucky and destructive of the best interests of the country. Missouri if these states could supply the hemp, The only question is, whether such is the effect of cordage and duck which we buy from Russia. These our system? It is admitted that to raise $7,545,000 articles amount to 1,286,000 dollars. This sum, disof revenue, by impost on ad valorem goods, we must tributed among the farmers, rope.makers and wea. consume, at custom house valuation, $36,650,000 vers of the west, would, indeed, cause "the wilder. of foreign manufactures; to pay for which we must ness to blossom like the rose"-yet, for the sake send abroad so much of the produce of our labor. of the paltry revenue derived from these articles, Necessarily dependent on importation for revenue, the country is deprived of the profits of raising, the government must be interested in promoting manufacturing and distributing such articles. Of foreign manufactures and in retarding the progress the domestic exports to Russia there is not one item of domestic; for any addition to the consumption of of the produce of the middle or western states, them is a diminution of revenue. As a mere mat-unless some oak bark; while, of the imports from ter of revenue then, the less made at home, the more imported from abroad, the better for the treasury. How is it for the country? I will test it by our trade with Russia. In 1821 the nett importation Russia, 1,562,000 dollars are of the materials with which the middle and western states abound, and which they could manufacture to an extent far be yond the demand of the whole country. New York or Pennsylvania alone, could supply the union with $818,850 iron; the raw material has no value for exportation 28,281 -the entire value of iron is made up of labor and 274,593 subsistence. The treasury estimate of the cost of 441 114 iron in Russia is 65 dollars a ton; every ton import ed then deprives this country of a market lor laber 1,562,838 and subsistence to that amount; which is a loss balanced by nothing but the 15 dollars duty paid to the treasury. It is easy to test the principle by the article of iron; it is very certain that, by im. porting more and making less at home, the trea 289,361 * These sums are made up of small items, and 1,852,199 therefore not specified. Naval Establishment. To the house of representatives of the United States: Washington, 6th Dec. 1822. Navy Department, December 2, 1822. Sin: The secretary of the navy, to whom bas been referred the resolation of the house of representatives, of the 7th of May last, requesting the president of the United States to cause to be laid before that house a plan for a peace establish. ment of the navy of the United States, has the honor of submitting the accompanying papers on that subject. this form would best meet the object contemplated by the resolution. It is deemed necessary, in this report, to notice only briefly such parts of the bill as contain new modifications of our naval establishment. Sury gains-but the loss to the country would be 65 dollars for every 15 paid to the treasury. If a common forge, producing, say 200 tons a year, is stopped in its operations by the influx of foreign iron, the treasury is enriched, by the duty, 3,000 dollars-the country is impoverished 13,000 dolls. by materials becoming worthless, workmen idle, and provisions without a market-so that when a system of revenue is built entirely on imports, the abundance of the treasury is the sure indication of the people's wants. Without undertaking to propose or advocate an entire prohibition of iron, hemp. &c. it cannot be questioned that the nation, at large, would be benefitted by imposing such ad. ditional duties on these articles, as would reduce the importation to such an amount as not to exceed our exports; this could not injure our market for either foreign or domestic products; and it is the only way of mitigating the evils of the present sys. tem of revenue. This word is not well understood we speak of the revenue of the government as of an individual-as of rents, dividends, interest, &c.; but the important difference is this-rents are the profits of land and proportioned to the pro The paper marked A, is the draft of a bill, emducts raised from it; it is the landlord's interest to bracing all the provisions which have been deemmake the land as productive as possible: so ought|ed necessary; presuming that a plan presented in revenues of the government to be an assessment on the people's profits, to increase in proportion to the products of our labor. But impost is an assess ment on the foreign goods consumed, without re gard to what the people can raise or fabricate. Its essential principle is that the country shall The bill, it will be perceived, contemplates the make as little and import as much as possible.- establishment of two new grades of office, viz. comIt is like a landlord renting a grist-mill at a high modore and rear admiral. These grades are conrate to the tenant, and then endeavoring to take sidered, if not absolutely necessary, at least, of very all custom from it; instead of increasing the rent great importance, as regards due subordination in proportion to the quantity ground in it, the rent and the discipline of the service; and, in recomis raised in proportion as the mill grinds less. It is mending the adoption of the provision, I can only like a man deriving his income from the dividends repeat what I have had occasion heretofore to of foreign bank stock-he is interested in enlarg. urge in support of this measure. The rank of ing the business of that and diminishing the busi captain is now the highest grade in the navy reness and profits of a domestic one. Impost thus cognized by law; and, during the infancy of our becomes the most oppressive of all taxes; instead navy, and whilst we had no vessels of a higher of being assessed on the profits of the produce of class than frigates, and the number of captains the country, growing with its growth, it is, in re-small, it was, perhaps, as high a grade as the good ality, the greater in the same proportion as the of the service required. It is, however, believed profits of the country become less. Now, to in-that, from the additions, both to the number and crease the revenue on iron 15,000 dolls. we must class of our public vessels, and from what may reaimport 1000 tons more and manufacture 1000 tons sonably be anticipated to be the situation of our less-so of hemp and every article which we can navy in the course of a few years, both justice and raise or make; and, in accordance with these rea. policy require the establishment of some highersons, has been all our experience. The most dis grades. According to the relative rank, as now reastrous year for the country was the one in which gulated between the military and naval officers, a our revenue was 36,000,000 dollars. It was the captain in the navy only ranks with a colonel in year which saw the decay of our manufactures, the the army. This is thought to be contrary to sound increase of foreign importations and an overflowing policy, and the good of the service. The establishtreasury. It was the year which led to embarrassment of the grades contemplated by the bill, will ment, distress and bankruptcy, 1815-that year place the relative rank in the army and navy upon which saw the end of a war by which the nation a just footing. A commodore will rank with a acquired wealth and glory, the beginning of a peace brigadier general, and a rear admiral with a major which has spread ruin through the land and cover-general. But the more important and substantial ed it with disgrace; which has perpetuated a system benefit, it is believed, growing out of this measure, of revenue that makes the wealth of the treasury the people's curse-which fertilizes foreign and sterilizes the domestic fields; builds up foreign and pulls down domestic manufactures, secures the foreign laborer employment and dooms the domes tic to want; gives a value to foreign materials and leaves domestic ones in the bowels of the earth. Such are the direful effects of the increase of the public revenue. These are the present realities and future prospects of the country. Such are, and ever must be, the consequences of an overflowing treasury. T. will be the effect it will have upon the discipline of the service. The importance of rank, both in the military and naval service, will readily occur to all in any degree acquainted with either. In a fleet or squadron, when the different vessels, may be commanded by officers of the same grade, and their ralative rank, and even that of the commander himself, known only by the dates of their commis. sions, there will not be that respect and subordination observed that are essential to order and har mony. The additional pay, it is thought, cannot afford any well founded objection to the measure, if the real benefits, confidently believed to result¡ frigates, and steam batteries, directed by the “act from it, are duly appreciated. for the gradual increase of the navy," shall be com. pleted. Authorizing the appointment of midshipmen, who have been examined and found qualified for promotion to the duty of sailing master, would be highly beneficial to the service. By the rules and regulations of the navy, sailing masters are not con sidered in the line of promotion, and have not, of course, so strong inducements to remain permanently attached to the service, as officers who have this prospect before them; and whenever more profitable employment in the merchant service is presented, they will generally accept of it. The number of lieutenants is already so great that the prospect of promotion of midshipmen is not very promising. To employ examined midshipmen as sailing masters, would be giving them some little distinction, and affording them an opportunity of improving themselves for the higher and more important duties of the service. Paper E is an estimate of the annual expense of the officers of the navy, proposed by the bill, including the organization of the navy yards, and a comparative view between the present expense and that proposed. By which last exhibit, it will be seen, that the annual expense of the officers of the navy will be reduced about ninety thousand dollars below the estimates necessary under the existing establishment. A peace establishment for the marine corps having been fixed by the act of the 3d of March, 1817, and no material alteration being deemed necessary, no other plan has been prepared to accompany this report. Although, perhaps, not falling strictly within the scope of the resolution, yet the present affords a fit opportunity of respectfully suggesting the imIn most of the classes of commissioned officers portance of establishing a naval academy for the the number fixed by the bill, embraces all at present instruction of our young officers in the sciences in office, and where that is not the case, it is provid-connected with their profession. As this is intend. ed that none shall be discharged, but the number ed as a mere suggestion of a measure, deserving reduced to that contemplated in the bill, by omit consideration, I have not thought proper to present ting to fill the vacancies as they may occur. This, any plan for carrying it into effect. This may be it is thought, is no more than justice requires; and, done hereafter, should the measure meet with a as the number thus retained is but small, the ex- favorable reception; nor is it deemed fit for me, at pense will be inconsiderable, and will soon entire this time, to urge the many considerations which ly cease. will readily occur to all liberal and enlightened minds, in favor of such an institution. The increased pay provided for some few of the officers, attached to ships of the line and frigates, whilst in actual service, is recommended by consi. derations of justice, and the good of the service. To perform the duties required of these officers on board the largest ships, involves far more respon. sibility, and requires not only greater professional knowledge and experience, but much more labor; these, or similar distinctions, are recognized in every well regulated service; and as but a small number of our largest vessels are kept in service in time of peace, the additional expense will be of no great amount. It has been considered a more simple mode of payment, and less liable to abuse, to allow fixed salaries to the officers stationed at the several navy yards and naval stations, than as now provided by law by monthly pay and rations. That part of the bill which makes the marine guard, detailed for the protection of navy yards, subject to the orders of the commandant of the yard, is deemed essential for the preservation of order and harmony. The difficulties which have occurred under the present regulations on that subject, sug gest the necessity of some alteration, and no well founded objection is preceived to placing this guard under the immediate orders of the commandant of the yard, in the same manner as the marine guard is placed, on ship-board, under the orders of the captain, All which is respectfully submitted. SMITH THOMPSON. A. A bill to fix and render permanent the naval peace establishment of the United States. Be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives of the United States of America, in congress assembled, That the naval peace establishment of the United States shall, from and after the day of consist of One rear admiral, Thirty master commandants, One hundred and ninety lieutenants, Forty five surgeon's mates, Fifteen sail makers, and of all other officers, petty officers, seamen, or. dinary seamen, and boys, a number not exceeding three thousand five hundred; but, the president of The exhibits accompanying this bill will serve to the United States may, if, in his opinion, the good shew the applicability of its provisions to our pre of the service shall require it, make additional apsent naval establishment, and the comparative expointments of midshipmen: provided, however, that pense between it and the one contemplated by the bill. Paper B is an exhibit shewing the number of com mission and warrant officers required to officer certain ships and vessels, and navy yards. Paper C is an exhibit shewing the petty officers, able seamen, ordinary seamen, and boys, required for the vessels of war in active service. Paper D is an exhibit shewing the whole number of commission and warrant officers required for the mavy of the U. States, when the ships of the line, the whole number of midshipmen shall not, at any one time, exceed four hundred and fifty. The pre sident shall also have the power, if, in his opinion, the exigencies or the good of the service should require it, to give acting appointments, of heutenant and master, to such midshipmen as have passed the examination required by the regulations of the service to qualify them to be lieutenants in the navy: Provided, The whole number of acting lieutenants and masters, including those holding commissions and warrants, shall not exceed two hundred and |