Thermal Physics

accessible applied approximation assume atoms average body bosons calculated called Chapter chemical potential classical closed concentration condition configuration consider constant container defined definition denote density dependence derivative determined diffusive direction discussion distribution function electric electron energy ensemble entropy equal equation equilibrium ergs example expansion experimental experiments expression factor Fermi fermions Figure fluctuations follows force free energy frequency given gives ground heat capacity ideal gas identical increase independent integral lattice limit liquid magnetic field mass maximum mean mechanics molecule negative number of particles observed obtain occupied orbital oscillator photons physics plotted positive pressure probability Problem properties quantity quantum quantum mechanics refers relation reservoir result Show shown single solid spin statistical Table taken temperature term theory thermal thermal contact thermodynamic unit volume zero