is little or no dust; the writer having recently entered a cottage which had been closed for nearly a year was very much surprised to find practically no dust; the cottage is situated in a broad hacienda where the alfalfa grows luxuriantly.

Applied Climatology. The tubercular patient, properly selected, who is placed in the indicated environment under competent supervision, soon exhibits the following phenomena: 1. Cough is checked; expectoration increased (at first), and made easy. 2. The respirations are deeper and slower. 3. Febrile symptoms disappear. 4. A noticeable increase in chest development. 5. A diminished anemia. 6. Increased appetite with consequent gain in weight and feeling of well-being.

Flick has stated, "Climate itself is of little value in the treatment of consumption; it is the outside air which counts, and it makes very little difference where the outside air is got from, so it is got every day, and all the day and night." (The italics are the writer's.)

The open air plan of treatment, boldly pursued in the arid region, alone makes possible this dictum. Osler has stated: "The cure of tuberculosis is a question of nutrition. Digestion and assimilation control the situation; make the patient grow fat and the local disease may be left to care for itself." Nowhere can the truth of this axiom be better exemplified than in the arid belt, where the possibilities of outdoor life are unlimited, where digestion waits on appetite and fresh air is a forerunner of both.

"If it be a good thing for a sick man to change his residence, it must be a proper thing for him to know what it is that he is avoiding, and what it is that he is to acquire in exchange for it in another place." If this trite remark of Scoresby-Jackson is in some small way realized through the medium of this article then, indeed, will the writer feel content.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

r

1. Abercromby, Ralph-Weather.

2. Annual Reports U S. Weather Bureau, 1890-1903, incl.

3. Author's "On Tubercular Patients, whom to send and where to send them," Journal A. M. C., March, 1900.

4. Ibid. Climate Therapy." Canadian Practitioner, 1897.

5. Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences.

6. W. F. R. Phillips, M.D., U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington.

7. Edward Osgood Otis, M.D., Boston.

8. Sally S. Edwin, M.D., Medical Climatology.

Selected Articles. •

THE VIVISECTION PROBLEM: TWO views.

I. VIVISECTION AND A HUMANE SPIRIT.

BY WILLIAM LAWRENCE,

Bishop of Massachusetts.

MANY people are puzzled to-day about the question of vivisection. Is it humane? Is it not cruel? Has any man the right deliberately to experiment on a hundred guinea-pigs in the hope of making some discovery? Granted that a discovery is made, is it worth the sacrifice of the lives of many dumb, helpless animals?

Perhaps it is a presumption on the part of any one who has not a scientific training to write upon the subject. I have thought, however, that some people might like an expression of opinion from a layman in science who has given some consideration to the question.

Some twenty-five years ago I was called to a family in my parish in which a terrible scourge held sway. Diphtheria had struck the home; one child lay dead, another with heartrending gasps was struggling for breath, another was in the early stages of the sickness; their lives were doomed. As one watched the mother's agony and the children's cruel sufferings, his thought was, "O for some relief from this dreadful scourge!" If, by the taste of a tender pigeon or chicken, life could be sustained, how quickly would we serve it! If twenty miles away there were a physician who could stay the disease, the father would ride his horse even unto death to fetch him. Other children near by were dying of the same scourge. What were the lives of a hundred pigeons or a hundred horses, if only the scores of children who were doomed to die of diphtheria in that city during that winter could be saved?

Twenty-five years have passed, and to-day, when diphtheria enters a home, lives are comparatively safe. Thousands, literally thousands, of children are playing in our homes, thousands of men and women are doing their part towards building up our nation, who, except for the beneficent discovery of antitoxin, would, so far as any one of us can see, be dead to-day. Many

animals have been sacrificed in the progress of the discovery, to be sure. Horses are to-day put to discomfort and some slight pain in the manufacture of the material. But the free distribution of antitoxin among the poor of our great cities and its use in the hospitals are saving thousands of human lives. Mothers receive back their children to life again. I start with this discovery, for in it are suggested a few points that we need to keep in mind.

In the first place, I assume that we all agree that man depends for his life upon the use and sacrifice of animals. Every chicken and turkey on our dinner-tables tells us that. The milk that we drink is gained at the cost of the anguish of the cow which is bereft of her calf. The slaughter that goes on in our abattoirs is horrible to contemplate, if we put our mind upon it and dwell on the details; yet every one of us lives daily upon the results of the slaughter.

On the other hand, this is true: this generation is probably more sensitive to the thought of pain and suffering in animals than any other in history. The blessing of anesthetics has so released humanity from the awful terrors of suffering that we cannot endure even the thought of what our fathers passed through. Surgery has become so skilful and painless as to have lost much of its terror. Operations certainly fatal one year are comparatively safe the next year, and are almost without danger the year after; so marvellous has been the increase in the knowledge of the human body, and of the action of its organs and the intricacy of its parts. There never were so many people under the knife as there are to-day; there never have been so many lives saved by surgery and medicine as now; and there never has been so little suffering among the sick and injured. At the same time that these conditions prevail it is also the fact that vivisection was probably never before so much practiced.

The people demand, therefore, and rightly demand, that there shall be no unnecessary suffering laid upon even the lower animals. They will not allow cruelty or wilful injury in any form. The Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the stringent legislation against cruelty in this last generation are the efficient expressions of the feelings of modern society. No class of men, not even the leaders in science, are or should be exempt from these humane laws. Where there is cruelty, wilful injury, or unnecessary loss of life, there the State enters, arrests, and imprisons or fines the guilty.

Here, then, we have the situation. For the life and welfare of men, animals must be sacrificed; we all accept this fact when we sit down to our Sunday roast beef. The cruel or unnecessary sacrifice of animals is universally condemned.

The question in connection with vivisection is, How far have we a right to sacrifice animal life and to inflict pain upon animals for the welfare and life of man?

No one of us would undertake to say how many guinea-pigs could be set against the life of one little child. One? Ten? A thousand? How many against the lives of a thousand children? Clearly, child life and man's life are of high value. The practical question for all of us who desire the welfare of man and the saving of children's lives is, Which shall be sacrificed-men and children, or animals? For experimentation must go on, if lives are to be saved. Shall the experiments be on children or on mice and rabbits?

Shall we allow our children, thousands on thousands of them, to decline in health and become subject to all sorts of diseases through breathing the vitiated air of school-rooms, or shall we follow with interest the careful experiments with animals breathing vitiated air, thus discovering methods of purifying the air, and by the sacrifice, it may be of many, many mice and rabbits, protect and sustain the health of the children of our cities? Shall we allow our surgeons to experiment on the patients in our hospitals, killing man after man in the fruitless attempt to remove one kidney; or shall we encourage them to experiment again and again, and a thousand times again, if necessary, on all sorts of animals, that they may safely undertake the operation when the next sufferer at the hospital is brought to them?

All these things mean vivisection. So did the discovery of the circulation of the blood, on which all surgery and medicine rest; so also artificial respiration, skin-grafting, the alleviation of angina pectoris, and the cure of hydrophobia. To vivisection and experimentation on animals are due, at least in great part, our increasing knowledge of that terrible scourge, tuberculosis, and the means of preventing it. In the amputation of a limb, in these days almost bloodless and painless, nearly every step in the operation has been dependent upon the experience gained in experiments upon animals. The discovery and application of antiseptics have enormously reduced the death-rate in hospitals and sick-rooms, sufferings untold are avoided, and tens of thousands of valuable lives are saved. In his researches towards this discovery Sir Joseph Lister was dependent upon vivisection. In fact, one can hardly name a disease or form of suffering the partial relief of which has not had some relation to vivisection.

·

Could not these discoveries have been made without vivisection? Some would say "No," and they would have good reason for their answer. I would rather say, "I don't know," but I do know that they were not made without vivisection, and I am sure that without vivisection they would not be known to-day. And