the Smoky Hill, served as road beds. It has been said that the valleys of the Kansas river and of the Arkansas were the first to be used as thoroughfares by civilized men in Kansas. But the great geographical truth was early discovered that Kansas was in the center of the great highway from the valleys of the Mississippi and Missouri to the Mountains and the Pacific.

42. A Trail from the South.-In the days of the California emigration a road, long visible after it ceased to be used, was that coming from Fayetteville, Ark., northwestward, and joining the Santa Fe trail at Turkey creek, in McPherson county.

66

66

43. Dog Trail became White Man's Road.”—The faintest trail made, and perhaps the earliest, was that by the Indian dog dragging lodge poles from place to place; then came the first white man's road," the trace of the packers' loaded horses, mules, and burros; then the wide. roads made by the traders' trains and the army wagons. All these left their mark in Kansas in the years while it was not an undiscovered country, but lying open and void, waiting for the rising of the Star of Empire.

SUMMARY.

1. American rule permitted the settlement of the territory, which would not have been allowed by Spain.

2. The Santa Fe trail was a well-traveled, natural road, some sixty feet wide, and 700 miles long, lined on either side with sunflowers, and its main branch extending from Independence, Mo., directly across the territory to the Great Bend of the Arkansas; thence by two branches, one by way of the Rocky Mountains, the other directly to Santa Fe, N. M.

CHAPTER V.

THE INDIAN TERRITORY.

44. Occupied by Four Tribes.-The oldest authorities, Marquette and others, represent the country now called Kansas as occupied principally by four great tribes of Indians, the Osages, the Pawnees, the Kansas, and a tribe that no longer exists, and, in fact, has not been heard of since the first quarter of the 18th century, the Padoucas. These tribes seem to have claimed Kansas among them, and to have extended widely beyond its present limits. The story of their wars, and huntings, and migrations, has little interest to civilized people. When they moved away from Kansas and from the earth, they left nothing except mounds of earth, rings on the sod, fragments of pottery, rude weapons and ruder implements. They fought each other, disputed possession with the wild beasts, were stricken down with fell diseases, but their history never became of interest or importance to the world, because they did nothing for the world.

Typical Indian.

45. The Removal Policy.-As early as 1824, the United States Government had entered upon a policy of removing the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi, to a country which

should be their own, and where they should cultivate the habits of civilized life and live happily ever afterward.

The Osages ceded nearly all their land in Missouri in 1808, and were all located in Kansas by 1825, and the Shawnees removed to Kansas in the same year.

The general removal of Indians to the West was determined by the Act of Congress of May 26, 1830, by which an Indian Territory, with the following metes and bounds, was organized: Beginning on the Red river east of the Mexican boundary, and as far west as the country is habitable, thence down the Red river eastwardly to Arkansas Territory; thence northwardly along the line of Arkansas Territory to the State of Missouri; thence north along its

westwardly line to the Missouri river; thence up the Missouri river to Puncah river; thence westwardly as far as country is habitable; thence southwardly to place of beginning. This gave a country 600 miles north and south approximately, and 200 miles east and west, as the country was not considered habitable over 200 miles west of the Missouri line, on account of the absence of timber.

46. Indians Assured Permanent Homes.-These limits included the present State of Kansas, and from the passage of this Act of May 26, 1830, for twenty-four years afterward, Kansas was a part of the Indian Territory. In this Act of 1830 the Indians were assured, in almost affectionate language, that these lands which were given in exchange for those they were already occupying, should be theirs forever, and that the United States would give them patents for them if they so desired.

47. Northern Part of Territory Occupied.-In 1832 the Cherokees and other southern tribes, from Georgia and other States, were removed to the present Indian Territory, and the movement to fill the northern part of the Territory began. The Kansas Indians, whose name was later given to the State, once lived on the banks of the Missouri, where Lewis and Clark saw the remains of their villages, but they were driven westward to the Blue. Their former territory