ports of one State over another; that duties shall not be imposed upon vessels going from one State to another; that no money shall be taken from the Treasury without an appropriation; that no title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; that the right of speedy and public trial by jury in criminal cases, and jury trial in common lawsuits for a value of more than twenty dollars, shall be preserved; that excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishments, shall be prohibited. The States, on the other hand, agree with Congress, that no State shall undertake to exercise the rights and prerogatives of sovereignty above described, and which have been conferred upon the Congress, with the sole proviso covering actual invasion or imminent danger which will not permit of delay in the use of armed forces.

The direct appointive power of members of the House of Representatives is limited to that of personal and committee clerks and of midshipmen at the Naval Academy, representing their districts. They are allowed to maintain two midshipmen continuously at the Academy, candidates being subject to examination by the Navy Department. The former theory of patronage by which positions in the civil service were allotted to Congressional districts has been abolished by the Civil Service Act, but members of the House of Representatives are supposed to have a certain privilege of recommendation to Federal offices filled by the President in their districts if such members are of the same political party as the Administration. The underlying theory is that the Representative is able to officially vouch for the character of an appointee, but the recommendatory privilege is the last remnant of a former powerful patronage exercised by the Representatives in Congress of the dominant party. The full extent of such patronage consists of places as postmaster, internal revenue and customs officials and a small number of places under the control of the officers of the House of Representatives, the employees of the House still being appointed in accordance with a spoils system similar to that which was abolished when the merit system was adopted

in the civil service of the government for other than direct Presidential appointments.

Finally, among the prerogatives accruing to a member of the House of Representatives is that which he holds jointly with the member of the Senate, that of proposing amendments to the Constitution, the fundamental law of the land. The concurrence of twothirds of the membership is necessary to propose an amendment to the States for ratification.

Formerly only those members of Congress who were chairmen of committees were furnished with office rooms in the Capitol, the remainder of the membership being expected to use their desks in the House of Representatives hall for the transaction of public business, and if this did not suffice to frequent the committee rooms of others or hire quarters outside. The new building of the House of Representatives has been designed to furnish each Representative with one office, while a corresponding building on the other side of the Capitol will provide rooms, and, in some cases, suites, for the Senators.

The relations between the House of Representatives and the Senate are carefully adjusted with a view of preventing friction, which, nevertheless, sometimes arises. On all measures except those relating to raising revenue and appropriations, propositions for legislation may be introduced either in the House or the Senate; as a matter of fact a very large number of identical bills are introduced, both in the House and the Senate, for the purpose of facilitating their enactment.

All bills are referred to appropriate committees for action, and the first effort of the advocates of a measure is to get a favorable report from the committee. This favorable report gives the bill a position on the calendar of the House or Senate, and either by arrangement with the Speaker or with the Senate "steering" committee, it comes before the session for discussion and action. Appropriation and certain other bills in the House are referred on report by the committee to a Committee of the Whole House, which is the entire membership of the House, but with some one other than the Speaker in

the chair. When perfected such bills are reported to the House itself for final passage. Bills which have been passed by one House are sent to the other for action. If they are passed without amendment they go at once to the President for signature. If, however, they are passed with one or more amendments they are "messaged" back to the House in which they originated for its action on the amendments.

A message having been received that the other House has passed a bill with amendments, the House in which the bill originated either concurs in the amendments or disagrees to them. In the latter case the bill is returned to the other House, stating a disagreement with the amendments of that House. The other House may either recede from its amendments or decline to recede therefrom. In the first case the bill passes in its original form; in the second, the bill is returned to the House where it originated, with the message that the second House insists on its amendments and requests a committee of conference. Members of such a committee being appointed by each of the two Houses, the committee confers, and if it can arrange the points of disagreement between the Houses, a report is made to either House in which the recommendation may be for the amending House to recede from its amendment, the originating House to recede from its disagreement with the amendment, or either or both to recede with an amendment. If the conferees fail to agree, the originating House notifies the other that it still disagrees, and may "still further" disagree until the point of no possibility of an agreement exists, when one House may notify the other that it "adheres," and the second House must then either recede or the measure fails. It is seldom that this final point is reached, and even when notice of adherence is given it can be recalled and a less decided message which would permit of a conference substituted.

In addition to members of the House from the States, there is a delegate from each Territory, including Porto Rico, elected by the people of the Territories, who have seats on the floor of the House, membership on committees, and the pay and emoluments of members. They can only speak, however, on matters relating to the

affairs of their respective Territories and cannot vote on any meas

ure.

COMMITTEES OF THE HOUSE.

Accounts; Agriculture; Alcoholic Liquor Traffic; Appropriations; Banking and Currency; Census; Claims; Coinage, Weights and Measures; Disposition of Useless Executive Papers; District of Columbia; Education; Election of President, Vice-President, and Representatives in Congress; Election No. 1; Election No. 2; Election No. 3; Enrolled Bills; Expenditures in the Department of Agriculture; Expenditures in the Department of Commerce and Labor; Expenditures in the Department of Justice; Expenditures in the Interior Department; Expenditures in the Navy Department; Expenditures in the Post Office Department; Expenditures in the State Department; Expenditures in the Treasury Department; Expenditures in the War Department; Expenditures on Public Buildings; Foreign Affairs; Immigration and Naturalization; Indian Affairs; Industrial Arts and Expositions; Insular Affairs; Interstate and Foreign Commerce; Invalid Pensions; Irrigation of Arid Lands; Judiciary; Labor; Levees and Improvements of the Mississippi River; Library; Manufactures; Merchant Marine and Fisheries; Mileage; Military Affairs; Militia; Mines and Mining; Naval Affairs; Pacific Railroads; Patents; Pensions, Post Office and Post-Roads; Printing; Private Land Claims; Public Buildings and Grounds; Public Lands; Railways and Canals; Reform in the Civil Service; Revision of the Laws; Rivers and Harbors; Rules; Territories; Ventilation and Acoustics; War Claims; Ways and Means.

ALABAMA:

REPRESENTATIVE DISTRICTS.

First District: Counties.-Chocktaw, Clarke, Marengo, Mobile, Monroe and Washington.

Second District: Counties.-Baldwin, Butler, Conecuh, Covington, Crenshaw, Escambia, Montgomery, Pike and Wilcox.

Third District: Counties.-Barbour, Bullock, Coffee, Dale, Geneva, Henry, Houston, Lee and Russell.

Fourth District: Counties.-Calhoun, Chilton, Cleburne, Dallas, Shelby and Talladega.

Fifth District: Counties.-Autauga, Chambers, Clay, Coosa, Elmore, Loundes, Macon, Randolph and Tallapoosa.

Sixth District: Counties.-Fayette, Greene, Hale, Lamar, Marion, Pickens, Sumter, Tuscaloosa and Walker.

Seventh District: Counties.-Cherokee, Cullman, Dekalb, Etowah, Frank-
lin, Marshall, St. Clair and Winston.

Eighth District: Counties.-Colbert, Jackson, Lauderdale, Lawrence,
Limestone, Madison and Morgan.

Ninth District: Counties.-Bibb, Blount, Jefferson and Perry.

ARKANSAS:

First District: Counties.-Clay, Craighead, Crittenden, Cross, Greene,
Lee, Mississippi, Phillips, Poinsett, St. Francis and Woodruff.
Second District: Counties.-Cleburne, Fulton, Independence, Izard, Jack-
son, Lawrence, Monroe, Prairie, Randolph, Sharp, Stone and White.
Third District: Counties.-Baxter, Benton, Boone, Carrol, Madison,
Marion, Newton, Searcy, Van Buren and Washington.
Fourth District: Counties.-Crawford, Howard, Little River, Logan,
Miller, Montgomery, Pike, Polk, Scott, Sebastian and Sevier.

Fifth District: Counties.-Conway, Faulkner, Franklin, Johnson, Perry,
Pope, Pulaski and Yell,

Sixth District: Counties.-Arkansas, Cleveland, Dallas, Desha, Drew, Garland, Grant, Hot Springs, Jefferson, Lincoln, Lonoke and Saline. Seventh District: Counties.-Ashley, Bradley, Calhoun, Chicot, Clark, Columbia, Hempstead, Lafayette, Nevada, Ouachita and Union.

CALIFORNIA:

First District: Counties.-Alpine, Amador, Calaveras, Del Norte, El-
dorado, Humboldt, Lassen, Mariposa, Modoc, Mono, Placer, Plumas,
Shasta, Sierra, Nevada, Siskiyou, Tehama, Trinity and Tuolumne.
Second District: Counties.-Butte, Colusa, Gleen, Lake, Marin, Mendo-
cino, Napa, Sacramento, Sonoma, Sutter, Yolo and Yuba.
Third District: Counties.-Alameda, Contra Costa and Salano.
Fourth District: City of San Francisco.-Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth,
Thirtieth, Thirty-first, Fortieth, Forty-first, Forty-second, Forty-third,
Forty-fourth and Forty-fifth assembly districts.

Fifth District: Counties.-San Mateo, Santa Clara, and the Thirty-second, Thirty-third, Thirty-fourth, Thirty-fifth, Thirty-sixth, Thirtyseventh, Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth assembly districts of San Francisco.

Sixth District: Counties.-Fresno, Kings, Madera, Merced, Monterey, San Benito, San Joaquin, Santa Cruz and Stanislaus.

Seventh District: Counties.-Los Angeles.

Eighth District: Counties.-Inyo, Kern, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Tulare and Ventura.

COLORADO:

First District: Counties.-Adams, Boulder, Denver, Jefferson, Lake, Larimer, Logan, Morgan, Park, Phillips, Sedgwick, South Arapahoe, Washington, Weld and Yuma.

Second District: Counties.-Archuleta, Baca, Bent, Chaffee, Cheyenne, Clear Creek, Conejos, Costilla, Custer, Delta, Dolores, Douglas, Eagle, Elbert, El Paso, Fremont, Garfield, Gilpin, Grand, Gunnison, Hinsdale, Huerfano, Kiowa, Kit Carson, La Plata, Las Animas, Lincoln, Mesa,