phant have been dredged up in the
shoals under the Mediterranean be-
tween Tunis and Sicily, showing that
the African elephant entered Europe
via Italy and not where the Isthmus
of Suez now is. This Miocene beast
was migratory and eventually found his
way over the Alaskan peninsula into
North America where his descendants
became the special form of mastodon
known as Dibelodon and were
first elephants to reach South
America, crossing over
when the Isthmus of

Panama was formed
at the end of the
Miocene or begin-
ning of the
Pliocene
epoch.
Some of

these a ni

mals

lived

in the Andes

at a height

of twelve thousand feet

above the sea, showing that even high altitudes were much warmer and richer in vegetation than they

now are.

the

wonderfully preserved. The best known of these is the one discovered in 1901 at Beresovka, Siberia, eight hundred miles west of Bering Strait and sixty miles within the present arctic circle. Even at that time, fifty thousand years ago, when Niagara was just beginning to cut its gorge, there was plenty of ice in Siberia and this mammoth broke through into a hidden crevasse in an ancient glacier. He broke a hip bone and one foreleg in the fall and ruptured a big blood vessel, as shown by a great

his

mass of clotted blood in his chest. He must have died instantaneously from the shock, for there was still unswallowed grass between teeth and on his tongue. His hair consisted of a thick, woolly under coat, yellowish brown in color, and an outer bristly coat of brown and black at least half a yard long on the chin and breast, precisely as shown in the cave men's drawings. This mammoth is mounted in the St. Petersburg museum, exactly as found-the only extinct animal that has come down to us intact, flesh and blood fifty thousand years old, preserved in the solid ice all those years.

The mammoth, the nearest relative of all these prehistoric elephants to our own living species, reached his culmination in the age just before ours and extended over the whole north temperate zone of Europe, Asia, and America. He was a great hairy beast with immense curved tusks eleven feet in length. The cave men knew the mammoth well, and made many pictures of him which survive until this day-carvings on fossil ivory, jade, and obsidian, and rude paintings in earth-colors on the walls of their caves, long since sealed up with great walls of stalagmite.

We today know accurately the appearance of the mammoth, for in several cases he has been discovered nearly or quite intact, the hair, hide, and even viscera and muscles being

He represents the culmination of the race of elephants; with the coming of the cave men a race of hunters appeared on the earth that conquered even the great mammoth, for many a skeleton has been found with flint arrows and spear heads piercing the fossil bones.

The "true" elephants, a race which also developed from the Miocene elephant, survive to this day, the only evolution taking place being the enormous ears, for self-protection against foes.

within reasonable distance of high-tension transmission systems will be supplied with electric service in the same manner as the city dwellers.

To supply electric energy from these hightension lines, usually having a voltage of eleven thousand or more, it is necessary to transform it to the commercial pressure of one hundred and ten or two hundred and twenty volts. The equipment furnished by power companies is shown in the accompanying illustration. This installation, consisting of transformers, switches, fuses, and lightning arresters, is known as an outdoor substation, many of which are now in service.

One of these stations suitably located can supply current to a single consumer, to a group of farms, or to an

full light, when it is needed for driving on dark country roads, or on very dark nights, when a full glare is needed to protect both driver and pedestrians.

This device is made

of white celluloid,

cut in circular shape to fit just within the glass of the head lights. In the very center of this circle

is a series of slats that work on a wire on the same principle as the slat blinds used on old-fashioned houses. A wire handle is used to con

trol the slats.

PHOTO COPYRIGHTED INTERNATIONAL NEWS SERVK

NAVY'S LATEST DREAD-
NAUGHT

THE Texas, the new warship of our

Navy, is the largest, fastest and most formidable of Uncle Sam's fighting craft. In her recent speed tests off the coast of Maine, she exceeded her contract requirements in all the trials.

The Teras was built by the Newport News Shipbuilding Company. Her first keel plate was laid April 17th, 1911, and she was launched May 18th, 1912. She carries the largest guns ever used by our fighting craft; ten fourteen-inch fortyfive caliber guns, besides twenty-one fiveinch fifty-one caliber, and four threeinch powder saluting guns. Four twentyone-inch submerged torpedo tubes complete her battery.

The Texas is completed and is about

to be turned

over to the Government. She will be manned by sixty-five officers and one thousand men. She is the most complete, as well as the most for

midable

THE SPIT FOR A FAMILY

It has long been recognized that meats cooked in this way are more satisfactory than those prepared in any other way.

66

J

UST think of it!" cried a proud New Yorker to a phlegmatic Philadelphian. "Within two years from now you can take a train from Philadeldelphia, run up to Jersey City, speed under the river and go underground all the way through New York and on to Boston."

"That's the trip I want to take." replied the man from Philadelphia, not at all impressed. "In fact when I'm in New York I like to travel in a tube better than on a surface line."

"Do you?" said the pleased Babylonian. "Why?"

"Because when I'm in the tube I can't see New York."

"Bah!" cried the New Yorker, in disgust.

But he needn't have felt this dispar

agement so keenly after all, for in the tubes and their ramifying corridors one sees a very important and very interesting feature of New York-the cave life of the great city-a life which the outsider has but little opportunity to study.

In round numbers, there are two million cave men, women, and children in New York who come and go, or who work, eat and drink, read, play, buy, and sell underground, year after year. They not only endure this strange mode of life, but they are cave folk from choice and most of them seem really to enjoy it.

Think of it! Two million people who spend from two to twenty-four hours a day in the underground corridors, sub-cellars, tunnels, and river tubes of New York. These two million constitute the great cave colony. They are