Infin., as 66 to write is easy," and the preposition "to" which implies motion, as "I was walking to the city."

75. The Latin for the preposition "to" is ad. It governs the Acc. case. Thus "I was walking to the city," is ambulabam ad urbem. But ad is omitted before the name of a town, as ambulo Romam, "I am walking to Rome.

76. The declaring of "the city of Rome" is "the city Rome," where "Rome is in the same case as city." Thus "I saw the city of Rome" is "vidi urbem Romam."

66

77. When the conjunction "that," introducing a purpose, appears in the declaring, followed in the same clause by "not," the Latin conjunction ne, "lest," must be used instead of "ut- -non": and it will be better to declare with "lest" than with "that-not."

EXAMPLES:

(a) "I advised Caius to write."

I advised Caius that he-might-write.

Monui Caium ut scriberet.

(b) "I shall walk to Rome to buy a horse."

I shall walk to-Rome that I-may-buy a horse.

Ambulabo Romam ut emam equum.

(c) "I expected you would ask me not to walk to the city." I expected you to-be about-to-ask me lest I might walkExpectavi te esse moniturum me ne ambularem ad urbem.

(d) "We have advised Caius not to come."

We have advised Caius lest he may come.

Monuimus Caium ne veniat.

(e) "Did you think I had advised Portia to say she should

come?

Did you think me to have advised Portia that she might declare herself to be about to come?

Putavistine me monuisse Portiam ut diceret se esse venturam?

INSTRUCTION FOR EXERCISES No. 14.

78. The Dative Case of Nouns has the sign "to." This "to" is different from any of the three words "to" mentioned above (Art. 74): it is the "to" of giving: as, "I gave a horse to the boy." Here the Dative Case of Puer must be used. If the English is in this form, "I gave the boy a horse," it must be declared into "I gave a horse to the boy."

79. The Datives of Nouns and Adjectives of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Declensions, may be formed by adding

80. The Dative will follow credere, "to believe," when it means "to trust" as Non credo Balbo "I do not believe Balbus," i.e. I do not trust him. But "I do not believe that Balbus is wise," will of course be Non credo Balbum esse sapientem.

81. The Datives of the Personal Pronouns are as follows:

Sing.

Plu.

"to me," mihi : "to us," nobis :

"to you," tibi :

"to you," vobis:

to himself,

}

sibi: to themselves," sibi.

to herself,

EXAMPLES:

(a) "Portia promised to give Caius her horse."

Portia promised herself to-be about-to-give her horse to
Caius.

Portia promisit se esse daturam equum suum Caio. (b) "The girls hope I shall give them my flowers."

The girls hope me to-be about-to-give my flowers to themselves.

Puellæ sperant me esse daturum flores meos sibi. (c) "Do you think that Portia believed you and the good judges."

Do you think Portia to-have trusted you? &c.

Putasne Portiam credidisse tibi et judicibus bonis ?

N.B.--Exercises No. 15 are miscellaneous, upon the subjects of Nos: 11, 12, 13, and 14.

INSTRUCTION FOR EXERCISES No. 16.

82. Those Tenses of Esse, "to be," which have the Root of the Perf. are, as is the case in all Latin Verbs, strictly regular. Thus we have fuerat, "he had been"; fuerit, "he will have been," &c. The 3rd Persons of

83. The verb "to be" does not govern a case, either in Latin or in English. As in English it is correct to say "It is I," not "It is me"; or "Caius was he," not "Caius was him"; so in Latin we must say Puella est Portia," not Puella est Portiam, for "the girl is Portia "; Pueri erant boni, not Pueri erant bonos, for "the boys were good."

84. Those Tenses which in the Active Voice of Verbs are formed from the Root of the Perf. are formed in the Passive Voice by compounding the Tenses of Esse with the Past Participle Passive.

85. This Past Participle Passive is declined like an Adjective of the 1st and 2nd Declns., and is formed by adding -us for the Masc. and -a for the Fem. to the Root of the Supine. Thus scriptus, fem. scripta, is the P.P. of scribere; monitus, fem. monita, of monere, &c.