a part of the town, or a part of its inhabitants, with water. If these officers were satisfied with the proposal, they could grant the application, and thereupon the individual promoters could go on and complete their organization as a corporate body, for the special purposes thus specified; but, if these officers disapproved of the proposal, the matter was ended. This water company was organized in the town of New Lots in precisely that way. It must therefore be plain that the company was really the creation of the town, gotten up and existing for the simple purpose of enabling the town to make a bargain with it to purvey water in the town.

Let us now consider a few things which are necessarily implied in this business thus far. Why the necessity of resorting to this mode of accomplishing the result? The answer is that that was the only method then allowed by law for the accomplishment of such results. But why such a law? The answer is, because the nature of the business was such that the consumers, and not the inhabitants, of a town were to be benefited. Perhaps the great majority of the inhabitants of a rural town might never use water thus purveyed; hence it would not be fair for a town to raise money by taxation or assessment upon all its inhabitants to build waterworks which were likely to be used only by a few. The legislature therefore recognized the fact that the improvement must be secured, if at all, through some form of individual enterprise; and, again, that the expense of constructing the plant was necessarily so great that individuals would be slow to undertake such work upon private individual responsibility, and that the desired result would be more easily, certainly, and speedily accomplished through a corporation, in which individuals might risk only such sums as they put in. Hence the law under which this company was or ganized. It was deemed by the legislature, in its wisdom, the best practical method of accomplishing the desired results.

We may now pause to note a few points which were raised in the argument. In the first place, this corporation and its rights did not result from special legislation. It was organized under a general law, which applied to every town and every village in the state. All the powers which it derives from the law are possessed by every other like corporation. If this company possesses any special or peculiar rights, they have their root, not in the law. but in the contract which the town was authorized to make with this artificial person, which it thus created, or at least helped to create. Hence, no objection or criticism can be made on this company's franchise or contract on the theory of special legislation. We are now considering the case irrespective of the annexation act; but that act granted no special rights or privilege to the water company at all. In effect, it simply said to the city of Brooklyn, "You may annex the territory, but you must not try to interfere with the contracts of the town now existing." While it granted nothing to the water company, it was nevertheless a significant legislative recognition of the validity of the water company's franchises for its whole term. Ziegler v. Chapin, 126 N. Y. 343, 27 N. E. Rep. 471.

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In the next place, the whole scheme of accomplishing the re sults through a corporation was simply a form of law by which the town might induce individuals to furnish capital to be expended in the town under such circumstances that it could never be recovered except by carrying out the scheme thus contemplated through the contract, which was the chief object and end of the organization of the company. In other words, an individual investor could never hope to get his money back, much less any profit thereon, except through the income arising from water rates to be collected for furnishing water. In the next place, the very nature of the case indicates that such a plant could never be selfsustaining from the first. Hence the company must necessarily have a long term, so that its profits, reasonably expected in the latter part of the term, might make up losses necessarily anticipated at the beginning. In the next place, the nature of the business necessarily implied that the company should be protected from rivalry during the specified term. The whole scheme grew out of the desire of the town to coax investors to put their money into the plant through the corporation, because of the legal and financial inability of the town to secure the results for itself alone. Hence it is obvious that there could have been no reasonable hope of securing such an investment by individuals, if these town authorities were free to permit a rival to enter the field so soon as the money, skill, and labor of individuals, exercised through the company, had demonstrated the success of the enterprise. These officers were elected at every town meeting, and it is wholly unlikely that much progress could ever have been expected in a matter of this nature, if it depended upon the political complexion of a board liable to annual changes; hence the phraseology of this law that there might be "an application," not several applications, from time to time, for a "waterworks company," not several companies from time to time, "to supply said town," not to parts thereof, "or the inhabitants thereof," not a part of the inhabitants thereof, with water. In the next place, there was a plainly implied tripartite contract obligation between the state, the town, and this company. Observe the marked distinction between this class of corporations and others. What other corporations for private business purposes are dependent for their franchises upon the will of local authorities? They exist by special charter, or, except for insurance and special business, by simple will of the organizers. Any proper number of individuals who comply with the general laws by filing proper papers in the office of the secretary of state, ipso facto, become invested with corporate rights. Nobody has power to withhold the franchises, not even the secretary of state. Here, however, the town authorities are masters of the situation in the first instance. The general principle is that all corporate franchises involve an implied contract relation with the state. People v. Sturtevant, 9 N. Y. 273; Mayor, etc., v. Second Ave. R. Co., 32 N. Y. 272; Milhau v. Sharp, 27 N. Y. 616. Hence there was an implied obligation between this company and the town and its in

habitants to do the things authorized by this charter, and the state was a party to it. The fundamental idea underlying this town water company law is that the company may have its franchise and exist as a corporation provided the town and the company, or its organizers, agree that it shall exist. The essential or fundamental element is the agreement between the town and the organizers of the company, or the company itself, for this private enterprise. It seems to me, therefore, that this law contemplated two fundamental points: (1) That this franchise of these town water companies should be born of, and should exist only as the result of, contract relation between the town and the company; and (2) that the company when formed should have the exclusive right to the special privileges which the town was authorized to grant -First, the sole right to corporate existence for that purpose; and, second, the sole right to use the streets of the town for its pipes, etc. This did not exclude individuals from the use of their old wells, or from digging new ones, for their own use or that of their neighbors, or from peddling water if they could make anything out of it. It did exclude any other corporation from engag ing in the business in that town, and did exclude anybody from interfering with the streets of the town, in order to lay pipes for the purpose of distributing water.

It may be observed that the commissioners all admit that good faith and fair dealing required that the town should not permit competition in the business until the company should at least be reimbursed for its outlay. I fully agree that such an obligation arose certainly in making the contract contemplated by this law; but I cannot understand the theory upon which the commissioners have limited this obligation to mere reimbursement. Let us consider this point carefully, because it is the marrow of the case. The statute certainly contemplated that a contract or contracts of some sort should be made between the company and the town authorities for the establishment of "rates and cost to consumers." Section 5. This, of course, involved just what the power to contract always involves,-the fixing of any terms and conditions which may be agreed on by the contracting parties. The town authorities and this company then made the contract in question, the main feature of which is that the company bound itself to furnish water for public and private use in certain prescribed localities at certain rates, viz. the same rates established for like service in the city of Brooklyn. Now it seems to me that the commis sioners decided the case the moment they conceded that any ob ligation of good faith and fair dealing arose at all to exclude compe tition. That was all there was of the case. If the obligation existed at all, it was predicated upon, indeed, sprang from, the character of service and contract relation contemplated by this statute. That obligation of good faith and fair dealing was therefore a part of the contract; indeed, the marrow and substance, the very essence, of the contract. It extended not only to the company itself, but to all persons who should invest in the capital or

the bonds of the company for the purpose of raising the money capital for building these works. The essential idea of a corporation for such a purpose is that it may and will do that which corporations for such purposes usually do,-invite the public to purchase its stock and bonds, and deal in them, as one of the common and ordinary means of carrying on such enterprises. Hence this obligation of good faith and fair dealing, which the commissioners have found, extends to outside investors, as well as to the company. Of course I do not mean that the town became in any sense the guarantor of the company's obligations to outsiders, but I do mean that good faith and fair dealing would be a misnomer if the town could do an act which would necessarily deprive this company of the legitimate means of paying its honestly contracted debts, or itself of the fruits of its investment; by which I mean the fair value of the earning capacity of its business. To hold otherwise would be to say that this franchise and the contract were worth nothing at all, and constituted a mere license or privilege, revocable at will, and that it is inconsistent with any obligation at all, either legal or moral, on the part of the town. So, too, it seems to me that this obligation extends to the full term of the company's charter, certainly to the full period of its subsequent written contract with the town. As already observed, this was no charity, no mere benefaction to this town. It was a matter of business, for ordinary business profit. The monopoly in the chance of the profit was just as much within the obligations of good faith and fair dealing as the chance of getting back the original investment. The capital never could have been raised without the investor's faith in his right to realize profit. The act of disappointing him in the realization of that business profit, and the consequent right to the continuance of this franchise, and the contract fixing rates under it, for the purpose of earning that profit, would therefore seem to be just as much a violation of good faith and fair dealing as the act which should take away his chance of getting back his capital. The court of appeals seems to have settled that principle in the case of People v. O'Brien, 111 N. Y. 1, 18 N. E. Rep. 692. In this case the legislature, for well-known reasons, dissolved the corporation of the Broadway Surface Railroad Company, and the "material question for discussion," as the court says, (page 34, 111 N. Y., and page 696, 18 N. E. Rep.,) was "whether the franchise to maintain tracks and run cars in Broadway survived the dissolution of the corporation." The court of appeals says:

"When we consider the mode required by the statutes and the constitution to be pursued in disposing of this franchise, the inference as to its perpetuity seems to be irresistible; for it cannot be supposed that either the legislature or the framers of the constitution intended to offer for public sale property the title to which was defeasible at the option of the vendor, or that such property could be made the subject of successive sales to different vendors, as often as popular caprice might require it to be done. Neither can it be supposed that they contemplated the resumption of the property, which they had expressly authorized their grantee to mortgage and otherwise dispose of, to the destruction of interest created therein by their consent. We are there

fore of the opinion that the Broadway Surface Railroad Company took an estate in perpetuity in Broadway, through its grant from the city, under the authority of the constitution and the act of the legislature. It is also well settled by authority in this state that such a right constitutes property, within the usual and common signification of that word. Railroad Co. v. Kerr, 72 N. Y. 330; People v. Sturtevant, 9 N. Y. 263. When we consider the generality with which investments have been made in securities based upon the corporate franchises throughout the whole country, the numerous laws adopted in the several states providing for their security and enjoyment, and the extent of litigation conducted in the various courts, state and federal, in which they have been upheld and enforced, there is no question but that, in the view of legislatures, courts, and the public at large, certain corporate fran chises have been uniformly regarded as indestructible by legislative authori ty, and as constituting property in the highest sense of the term. It is, however, earnestly contended for the state that such a franchise is a mere license or privilege enjoyable during the life of the grantee only, and revocable at the will of the state. We believe this proposition to be entirely repugnant to justice and reason, but contrary to the uniform course of authority in this country. The laws of this state have made such interest taxable, inheritable, alienable, subject to levy and sale under execution, to condemnation under the exercise of the right of eminent domain, and invested them with the attributes of property generally."

It thus seems plain that since this town was estopped by its obligation of good faith and fair dealing from doing or permitting any act which would permit rivalry in this business, the city. which was its mere successor, ought, in common honesty, to be bound by a similar obligation, and to precisely the same extent. If the town could not lawfully permit any other water corporation to enter this territory, how could it lawfully permit the municipal corporation, which exercises its water purveying functions. as a mere private business, to enter the field? The obligation on the part of the town to exclude competition did not grow out of its want of power to erect waterworks itself, but out of the implied contract which it made when it granted this franchise, and the subsequent written contract which it made, fixing rates, etc. Hence a mere act enlarging the city boundary cannot justify the inference of a purpose on the part of the legislature to evade, or allow the town to evade, its contract obligations to this company. No one would think of applying such a rule to any other obligation of the town. It therefore follows that if the annexation act had contained no prohibition at all against the city, it would have been a violation of good faith, nay, of common honesty, for it to have attempted to enter the territory, and set up a water busi ness in rivalry with this company.

We come, then, to consider the force and effect of these prohibitions. It is said that they were repealable. But what of that? Their adoption gave no new rights. Hence it is certain that their repeal could take no rights away. In my view they stand as plain legislative recognition of the nature and character of this company's rights in and against this town. Since these rights to the franchise itself rested in the contract between the company and the town, they were unrepealable because of the limita tions, not only of the state constitution, but of a fundamental provision of the federal constitution. These rights constitute well