ART. 96. A judge is not allowed to accept additional salaried service, except that of professor in the University.

ART. 97. The details concerning military or naval courts martial, piracy, barratry and prize courts are regulated by special laws.

THE COURT OF ACCOUNTS.

ART. 98. The members and assessors of the Court of Accounts are appointed for life and are only dismissed under the conditions of Article 88, but they obligatorily retire from the service upon attaining the age limit fixed by the law, which can not be higher than the 75th nor lower than the 65th year. The qualifications of the members and assessors of the Court of Accounts are fixed by law.

GENERAL PROVISIONS.

ART. 99. Without a law foreign troops can not be received into the Greek service, nor remain in the State nor pass through it.

ART. 100. Only when and as the law directs can military and naval men be deprived of their rank, honors and pensions.

ART. 101. Contested administrative cases continue to be carried before the ordinary tribunals, by which they are judged as urgent, excepting those questions for which special laws set up administrative tribunals by which the provisions of Articles 92 and 93 are to be observed. Pending the publication of special laws the existing laws concerning administrative jurisdiction remain in force.

Petitions of final appeal against the decisions of the administrative tribunals belong exclusively to the jurisdiction of the Council of State from the moment when it shall have begun to perform its functions. Conflicts [of jurisdiction] between judicial and administrative authorities or between the Council of State and administrative authorities are judged by the Areopagus, until a special law shall have established to try them a mixed tribunal composed of equal numbers of the Areopagus and ordinary Councillors of State, under the presidency of the Minister of Justice or his substitute designated by the law.

ART. 102. The qualifications of administrative officials in general are fixed by law.

When the Council of State shall have begun to perform its functions, the above officials are irremovable from the date of their definitive appointment so long as their respective services exist; except in the cases of dismissal in virtue of a judicial decision, they are not transferred without an affirmative opinion, nor are they discharged or degraded without a special decision of a council organized according to law, and composed, as regards at least two thirds of its members, of irremovable officials. Against such de

cision recourse to the Council of State is permitted in the manner more particularly laid down in the law.

Exceptions from the qualifications and the irremovability [of public officials] may be made in the cases of envoys and diplomatic agents, consuls general, secretaries general of ministries, private secretaries to ministers, prefects, the Royal Commissioner to the Holy Synod, and the Director General of Posts and Telegraphs.

ART. 103. Charges of wrongful administration of justice against members of the Areopagus, life members of the Court of Accounts and ordinary Councillors of State are tried before a special tribunal of five members, composed in such manner as the law directs [of persons] chosen by lot from among those three bodies, from advocates members of the Supreme Disciplinary Council, and from the professors of the faculty of law of the University, one member being taken from each body.

Before this tribunal are also brought all preparatory proceedings; and no other permission is required.

The same tribunal may also be empowered by law to try charges of wrongful administration of justice against judges of first instance, judges of appeal and public prosecutors.

ART. 104. The disciplinary authority over the members of the Court of Accounts, the Areopagus, and the Council of State is also exercised by a Council composed of two members of each of those bodies and two professors of the faculty of law of the University, all chosen by lot, under the presidency of the Minister of Justice. As occasion requires, those of the members of the Council are left out who belong to the body upon whose proceedings the Council is called upon to pronounce, whether the whole of it or some only of its members are implicated.

ART. 105. The election of the municipal authorities is effected by universal suffrage.

ART. 106. Every Greek, capable of bearing arms, is under obligation to contribute towards the defense of the country according to the terms of the laws.

ART. 107. The official language of the State is that in which the texts of the Constitution and of the Greek legislation are drawn up; any attempt to corrupt it is prohibited.

ART. 108. The revision of the whole of the Constitution is not permitted.

Ten years after this provision has taken effect a revision of the non-fundamental provisions of the Constitution is permitted, whenever the House of Representatives, through two thirds of the total number of its members, demands it by a special act, particularly defining the provisions to be revised, and voted on two separate occasions distant not less than one month from one another.

The revision having been decided on, the existing House of Representatives is ipso facto dissolved and a new one is convoked, which during its first session takes a decision upon the articles to be revised, by an absolute majority of the total number of its members. ART. 109. All laws and decrees, in so far as they are in contradiction with the present Constitution, are repealed.

ART. 110. The present Constitution takes effect as soon as it has been signed by the King, and the Ministerial Council must publish it in the Official Gazette within 24 hours of the signature.

Any revision of the non-fundamental provisions of the Constitution which is voted, is promulgated and published through the Official Gazette within ten days of its being voted by the House of Representatives, and is put into operation by a special resolution [of the House].

ART. 111. The preservation of the present Constitution is committed to the patriotism of the Greeks.

GUATEMALA.

Guatemala was one of the five nations forming the Central American Federation, and under the Federal Constitution of 22 November 1824 was given a separate Constitution. After the dissolution of the federal agreement, Rafael Carrera organized a separate government for the State of Guatemala and caused to be sanctioned by an assembly in the month of October, 1851, a "Constitutive Act of the Republic of Guatemala," which was amended on 29 January 1885. After the death of Carrera (14 April 1865) two attempts were made at constitutional reform, but neither accomplished lasting results. The present Constitution dates from 11 December 1879; it was modified in 1885, 1887, 1889, 1893, 1897 and 1903.2

CONSTITUTION OF 11 DECEMBER 1879.3
[PREAMBLE.]

We, the representatives of the sovereign people of Guatemala, lawfully called together and assembled in sufficient number, do hereby decree and sanction the fundamental laws which, united in a single body, form the following Constitution of the Republic.

TITLE I.-THE NATION AND ITS INHABITANTS.

ARTICLE 1. Guatemala is a free, sovereign and independent nation. The exercise of its sovereignty is delegated to the authorities established by the Constitution.

ART. 2. Guatemala shall maintain and cultivate intimate family and reciprocal relations with the other Republics of Central America. And whenever the Central American nationality should be again brought into existence in a stable, just, popular and suitable manner, the Republic of Guatemala shall be ready to become a part thereof.

1 English translation in the British and Foreign State Papers, 13: pp. 725-747.

2 This introductory paragraph is based upon F. R. DARESTE ET P. DARESTE, Les Constitutions modernes (3d edition, Paris, 1910), vol. 11, pp. 561-562.

3 Spanish text and English translation of this Constitution and Transitory Provisions in parallel columns in J. I. RODRIGUEZ, American Constitutions (Washington, 1906), vol. 1, pp. 236-258. English translation in the British and Foreign State Papers, 70: pp. 866-879, and 78: pp. 1007-1012, respectively. The translation given here is based upon the one in RODRIGUEZ.

ART. 3. The supreme power of the nation is republican, democratic and representative, and is divided, as to its exercise, into the legislative, executive and judicial powers; it shall be entirely independent in the exercise of its functions.

ART. 4. Guatemalans are divided into native and naturalized.
ART. 5. The following are native Guatemalans:

1. All those born or who may be born hereafter in the territory of the Republic, no matter what the nationality of their fathers may be, with the exception of the children of diplomatic agents.

2. Children of Guatemalan fathers or illegitimate children of Guatemalan mothers born in a foreign country, from the moment in which they establish their residence in the Republic; and even without this condition when, according to the laws of the place of birth, the nationality of Guatemala corresponds to them, or when, having the right to choose, they adopt Guatemalan citizenship.

ART. 6. Natives of the other Central American Republics who declare before competent authority their desire to become Guatemalans, shall be considered native Guatemalans.

ART. 7. The following are naturalized Guatemalans:

1. Spanish-Americans domiciled in the Republic, if they do not desire to retain their own nationality.

2. All other foreigners who have been naturalized in conformity with previous laws.

3. Those who obtain naturalization papers according to law. ART. 8. The following are citizens:

1. Guatemalans over 21 years of age who know how to read and write, or who have an income, industry, trade or profession providing them with means of subsistence.

2. All those over 18 years of age who belong to the army.

3. All those over 18 years of age who have received a literary degree or title in a national establishment.

ART. 9. The rights inherent to citizenship are:

1. The electoral right.

2. The right to aspire to public office when the law requires citizenship as a qualification therefor.

ART. 10. When the law requires citizenship as a qualification for the exercise of any public function, the said function may be entrusted to foreigners who have all the other qualifications required by the same law; by the fact of their acceptance of the position they shall become naturalized citizens.

ART..11. Citizenship is suspended, lost or recovered according to law.

ART. 12. The following are the duties of Guatemalans: 1. To serve and defend the country.