ART. 70. Projects of law, elaborated by the Imperial Council or by the Imperial Duma, and not approved by the Emperor, shall not again be presented in either of these bodies for consideration during the same session. Projects of law, elaborated by the Imperial Council or by the Imperial Duma and rejected by one of these bodies, may be again presented to these bodies for consideration during the same session, if the Emperor should order it.

ART. 71. Projects of law, presented to the Imperial Duma and approved by the latter and by the Imperial Council, and projects of law, elaborated by the Imperial Council and approved by the latter and by the Imperial Duma, shall be submitted to the Emperor by the president of the Council of Ministers.

ART. 72. In the revision of the budget, the sums destined for the covering of government loans and other indebtedness contracted by the Russian Empire shall not be excluded or curtailed.

ART. 73. Credits for the expenses of the ministry of the imperial court, as well as those for the institutions subordinate thereto, in sums not exceeding those assigned in the budget of 1906, shall not be submitted for discussion before the Imperial Council or the Imperial Duma. Likewise, changes made in the above-mentioned credits by virtue of the regulations regarding the imperial family, on account of changes made in such regulations, shall not be subject to discussion either in the Imperial Council or in the Imperial Duma.

ART. 74. Should the budget not be approved before the beginning of the fiscal year, the last budget approved according to the legal forms shall remain in force with only the modifications introduced by laws passed since its establishment. Until the publication of the new budget, credits may be gradually opened by order of the Council of Ministers and placed at the disposal of the various ministers and principal branches of administration in amounts absolutely necessary, which shall not, however, exceed one twelfth of the total amount of the expenditures fixed by the budget.

ART. 75. Extraordinary credits for the needs in time of war and for special preparation preceding war may be opened in all branches of the government, by virtue of the powers of the supreme administration in the manner prescribed by law.

ART. 76. Government loans to cover ordinary budgetary and extraordinary expenditures may be granted in accordance with the procedure established for the approval of the budget of expenditures and revenues of the Empire. Government loans for the purpose of covering expenditures, in cases and within the limits provided by Article 74, as well as loans for the purpose of covering expenditures mentioned in Article 75, may be authorized by the Emperor, by virtue of the powers of the supreme administration. The duration and conditions

of loans are fixed by virtue of the powers of the supreme administration.

ART. 77. If the project giving the number of men necessary for the recruiting of the army and the navy has been submitted in time to the Imperial Duma and a law regarding this matter shall not have been enacted in the regular manner by 1 May, the Emperor may, by ukase, call to the colors the necessary number of men; this number, however, shall not exceed that recruited in the previous year.

CHAPTER V.-THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS, THE MINISTERS AND THE HEADS OF ADMINISTRATIVE BRANCHES.

ART. 78. The direction, and unification of the actions of the ministers and of the heads of administrative branches in matters bearing upon legislation as well as in the higher governmental administration shall belong to the Council of Ministers and shall be based on principles determined by law.1

ART. 79. The ministers and heads of administrative branches have the right to vote in the Imperial Council and in the Imperial Duma only if they are members of these bodies.

ART. 80. The obligatory orders, instructions and regulations, issued by the Council of Ministers, by the ministers and the heads of administrative branches, as well as by other persons authorized by law to take such action, shall not be in violation of the law.

ART. 81. The president of the Council of Ministers, the ministers and the heads of administrative branches shall be responsible to the Emperor for the general course of the governmental administration. Each of them shall be individually responsible for his actions and orders.

ART. 82. The president of the Council of Ministers, the ministers and heads of administrative branches incur the civil and criminal responsibility, in accordance with the provisions of the law, for all criminal offenses committed in the discharge of their duties.

1 The Council of Ministers was organized by the Imperial Ukase of 19 October/1 November 1905. The president of the Council has the right to require information from all other ministers and to represent the general administration in the Imperial Council and the Imperial Duma. No general administration measure can be adopted without the action of the Council of Ministers.

SAN MARINO.

Embraced in the area of Italy is the independent Republic of San Marino, which claims to be the oldest State in Europe. Its institutions go back to the remotest times and were founded on no written document. The Arringo, or assembly of the heads of families, which was sovereign, delegated its powers in 1652 to the Great Council (generale Consiglio Principe) of 60 members who since that time have been chosen by cooption, 20 from among the nobility, 20 from the citizens of the town and 20 from the inhabitants of the rural district. This Council elected two of its members Regents (Capitani reggenti), whose offices, purely gratuitous, expired every six months. The popular election of councilors instead of the more ancient. method was brought about as a result of the convocation of the Arringo generale, which met on 25 March 1906 and pronounced itself by a great majority in favor of the reform. An "Electoral Regulation for the General Election of the Prince and Sovereign Council" was adopted on 5 May 1906 and the first elections took place on 10 and 17 June 1907. On 24 July 1907 the Council took the name of Grand General Council and the quorum was reduced from 40 to 30. A smaller council consists of 12 members and is divided into 4 sections: Congresso Economico di Stato, Congresso dei Legali, Congresso degli Studi, Congresso Militare. The law given below supplements and modifies the provisions contained in the Electoral Regulation of 5 May 1906 and is included here, because it contains principles of a constitutional character. All the successive governments in Italy have respected the independence of the Republic of San Marino.1

LAW OF 29 AUGUST 1907.2

ON THE ELECTION OF MEMBERS OF THE GRAND COUNCIL.

CHAPTER I.-CONDITIONS REQUIRED OF ELECTORS.

ART. 1. All native or naturalized citizens of San Marino are electors.

1 This introductory paragraph is based upon F. R. DARESTE ET P. DARESTE, Les Constitutions modernes (3d edition, Paris, 1910), vol. 1, pp. 757-758.

2 Promulgated by decree of the Grand Council of 10 September 1907. Translated by JULIA K. KERNAN from the French translation in the Annuaire de législation étrangère, 37 (1907): pp. 498-505. See the Electoral Regulation of 5 May 1906 in the Annuaire de législation étrangère, 36 (1906): pp. 355–359.

ART. 2. The following are deprived of the right to vote: (a) women; (b) persons prohibited from and incapable of voting by reason of mental infirmity; (c) individuals permanently or temporarily deprived of their full judicial capacity, and those condemned to punishment for crimes (reati) or for electoral corruption.

ART. 3. The elector shall exercise his right to vote only in the parish wherein he has his civil domicile; and, should he remove therefrom outside of the territory of the Republic, he shall exercise his political rights in the parish wherein he had his last domicile or his last residence, the choice of the parish wherein the voting shall take place being permitted only to those electors whose last domicile or last residence it is impossible to determine, provided that they make the request to the registrar general after 1 January and before 15 February of each year.

CHAPTER II.-FORMULATION OF THE ELECTORAL LISTS.

ARTS. 4-7.1

CHAPTER III.- -THE ELECTORAL DISTRICTS.

ART. 8. For the elections the territory of the Republic is divided into as many electoral districts as there are parishes.

ART. 9. Each parish has the right to elect a number of councilors proportionate to the number of its inhabitants, namely:

ART. 10. There may be elected from each parish not only those who have their domicile therein, but also those domiciled in any other parish whatever of the Republic.

CHAPTER IV.-PROCEDURE FOR VOTING.

ARTS. 11-28.1

CHAPTER V.-VERIFICATION OF THE ELECTIONS.

ARTS. 29-36.1

1 These articles contain merely technical details and are therefore omitted.