3. "Tell me not in mournful numbers Life is but an empty dream" [noun clause, the introductory conjunction that being under stood: object of "tell "]. Complete the following complex sentences by supplying adjective clauses : Complete the following complex sentences by supplying adverbial clauses: 1. We must gain a character for truthfulness and diligence if 2. The pursuit did not cease till ........ ........ 3. The example of one she loved had more influence with her than 4. Though the Laplanders keep themselves warm in their snow huts. ........ 5. The ground is never frozen in Palestine, as 6. ........ ........ (time) Washington retired to Mount Vernon. 7. The camel is called the "ship of the desert," (cause) ....... C. Complete the following complex sentences by supplying substantive clauses: 1. It is very amusing to watch the spider and see 2. Every child knows 3. We cannot tell ........ ........ ........ 4. Look at the elephant: did you ever wonder .... 5. ........ has long been accepted as one of the fundamental truths of as tronomy. 6. As was foreseen, the judge decided II. PUNCTUATION OF THE COMPLEX SENTENCE. 20. General Rule. The rules for punctuating simple sentences apply to the main divisions of a complex sentence, that is, to the principal member and to the subordinate clause or clauses. 21. The following are the principal special rules for punctuating complex sentences: 1. A short and closely dependent clause is not separated from the principal proposition: as 1. Be ready when I give the signal. 2. It is a well-known fact that the earth is nearly round. 2. Adverbial clauses, especially when they introduce a proposition, are generally set off by the comma: as— 1. While the world lasts, fashion will continue to lead it by the nose. 3. Adjective clauses are set off from their principals by commas, except when they are restrictive: as 1. Franklin, who became a great statesman and philosopher, was in youth a poor printer's boy. 2. The friar pointed to the book that he held, as his authority. 4. Parenthetical clauses are set off by commas: as— The project, it is certain, will succeed. 5. When the main divisions are long, and the parts are set off by tommas, the semicolon may be used to separate the main divisions: as— When snow accumulates on the ground in winter, it is useful in keeping the earth at a moderate degree of cold; for, where the snow lies, the temperature of the ground beneath seldom falls below the freezingpoint. B 6. A formal quotation is enclosed in quotation-marks, and preceded by a colon: as His defence is: "To be robbed, violated, oppressed, is their privilege." 7. When the quotation forms a part of the narrative, it may be preceded by a comma: as— To a tribune who insulted him, he replied, "I am still your emperor." EXERCISE 6. Punctuate the following complex sentences: 1. As we were the first that came into the house so we were the last that went out of it being resolved to have a clear passage for our old friend whom we did not care to venture among the jostling of the crowd. 2. Thousands whom indolence has sunk into contemptible obscurity might have attained the highest distinctions if idleness had not frustrated the effect of all their powers. 3. Forbes in his Oriental Memoirs when speaking of the age of such trees states that he smoked his hookah under the very banyan beneath which part of Alexander's cavalry took shelter. 4. The horse tired with his journey was led into the stable. 5. Though deep yet clear though gentle yet not dull Strong without rage without o'erflowing full. III. SYNTHESIS OF COMPLEX SENTENCES. 22. Two or more statements may be united into one complex sentence, by making one statement the leading, or principal, proposition, and the other statement, or statements, dependent upon it: thus Separate (1.) 1. Coffee was unknown in this country two cen turies ago. 2. It is now in general use as a beverage. Combined.-Coffee, which is now in general use as a beverage, wa unknown in this country two centuries ago. way: "Coffee The sentence might have been put together in this was unknown in this country two centuries ago, but it is now in general use as a beverage." This is a perfectly proper sentence, but it Es compound, not complex. It is compound because it contains two independent propositions. (2.) Along the La Plata are extensive plains. Separate These plains are called pampas. Statements. Great herds of cattle roam over these pampas. Combined.-Along the La Plata are extensive grass-covered plains 23. The following exemplifies the rhetorical analysis of a complex sentence: The elephant, which in size and strength surpasses all other land animals, is a native both of Asia and Africa. Analysis.. 1. The elephant surpasses all other land animals in size. 4. The elephant is a native of Africa. 24. Variety of Arrangement.- Variety in the arrangement of complex sentences is obtained in the same manner as in simple sentences (by changing the position of phrases), and also by changing the position of clauses. Illustration. An old clock that had stood for fifty years in a farmer's kitchen without giving its owner any cause of complaint, early one summer morning, before the family was stirring, suddenly stopped. This may be varied thus: 1. An old clock that had stood for fifty years in a farmer's kitchen without giving its owner any cause of complaint, suddenly stopped early one summer morning before the family was stir⚫ring. 2. Early one summer morning, before the family was stirring, an old clock that had stood for fifty years in a farmer's kitchen without giving its owner any cause of complaint, suddenly stopped. 25. Directions. In combining a number of given elements into a complex sentence, the pupil may be guided by the following considerations: I. Consider carefully the nature of the assertion in each of the constituent elements (statements), with the view of determining its connection with the main statement, which will always come first. II. A clause should be placed beside the statement containing the word which it modifies, or with which it has grammatical relation. III. An adjective clause follows the noun which it modifies; an adverbial clause generally follows the word which it modifies; but a clause denoting place, time, cause, condition, concession, may precede it. EXERCISE 7. Combine each group of statements into one complex sen tence. NOTE.-It is not necessary that all the statements be turned into clauses; some of them may, with greater clearness, be rendered in the complex sentence as phrases. 1. The Spaniards were surrounded by many of the natives. The Spaniards were thus employed. [Clause of time, introduced by while, and introducing the sentence.] The natives gazed with silent admiration upon their actions. [Adjective clause.] They could not comprehend these actions. [Adjective clause, adjunct to "actions."] They did not foresee the consequences of these actions. [Adjective clause, adjunct to "actions," connected by "and" to preceding clause.] |