2. Alexandria is situated on the shores of the Mediterranean.

It was one of the most celebrated cities of antiquity. [Adjective clause, adjunct to "Alexandria."]

It was formerly the residence of the kings of Egypt. [Adjective clause, adjunct to "Alexandria."]

3. In the Olympic games, the only reward was a wreath composed of wild olives.

The Olympic games were regarded as the most honorable. [Adjective clause, adjunct to "games."]

They were so regarded, because sacred to Jupiter. [Phrase of reason, adjunct to "honorable."]

They were so regarded, also, because instituted by the early Greek heroes. [Phrase of reason, adjunct to "honorable."]

4. Napoleon made his son King of Rome.

He did this after he had divorced Josephine. [Adverbial clause of time.] He did this after he had espoused Maria Louisa. [Adverbial clause of time.]

Maria Louisa was daughter of the Emperor of Austria. [Adjective clause, adjunct to "Maria Louisa."]

5. Augustus held a council in order to try certain prisoners.

This was while he was at Samos. [Adverbial clause of time.]

It was after the famous battle of Actium. [Adverbial clause of time.] This battle made him master of the world. [Adjective clause, adjunct of "battle of Actium."]

The prisoners tried were those who had been engaged in Antony's party. [Adjective clause, adjunct of "prisoners."]

6. Columbus saw at a distance a light.
This was about two hours before midnight.
Columbus was standing on the forecastle.
to "Columbus."]

[Adverbial phrase of time.] [Participial phrase, adjunct

He pointed the light out to Pedro. [Adjective clause, adjunct to "light."]

Pedro was a page of the queen's wardrobe. [Noun phrase, in apposition with "Pedro."]

7. The man succeeded in reaching the bank.

The man fell into the river. [Adjective clause, adjunct of subject.]
Assistance arrived. [Participial phrase.]

8. Cæsar might not have been murdered.

Suppose Cæsar had taken the advice of the friend. [Adverbial clause of condition (if).]

The friend warned him not to go to the Senate-house on the Ides of March. [Adjective clause, adjunct of "friend."]

9. That valor lingered only among pirates and robbers.

This valor had won the great battle of human civilization. [Adjective clause, adjunct to "valor."]

It had saved Europe. [Adjective clause, adjunct to "valor."]

It had subjugated Asia. [Adjective clause, adjunct to "valor."]

10. There will be a camp-meeting.

It is to commence the last Monday of this month.

It is to be at the Double-spring Grove.

This grove is near Peter Brinton's.

Peter Brinton's is in the county of Shelby.

11. My friend Sir Roger has often told me, with a great deal of mirth. He found three parts of his house altogether useless. [Noun clause, object of "told."]

He came to his estate. [Adverbial clause, time.]

The best room in it had the reputation of being haunted. [Noun clause, object of "told."]

It was locked up.

Noises had been heard in his long gallery. [Noun clause, object of
'told."]

He could not get a servant to enter it after eight o'clock at night.
The door of one of his chambers was nailed up. [Noun clause, object
of "told."]

A story went in the family. [Adverbial clause, cause.]

A butler had formerly hanged himself in it.

His mother had shut up half the rooms in the house.

His mother had lived to a great age.

In the room her husband, a son, or a daughter had died.

B.

Separate the following complex sentences into the differ ent propositions they contain:

1. Animals of the cat kind are distinguished chiefly by their sharp claws, which they can hide or extend at pleasure.

2. The plant samphire always grows in certain places on the sea-shore which are never covered by the sea.

3. As they approached the coast, they saw it covered with a multitude of people whom the novelty of the spectacle had drawn together, and whose attitudes and gestures expressed wonder and astonishment at the strange objects which presented themselves to their view.

Change the position of the clauses and phrases in the following sentences in at least three different ways, without altering the construction or destroying the sense:

1. I shall never consent to such proposals while I live.

2. Augustus, while he was at Samos, after the famous battle of Actium, which made him master of the world, held a council, in order to try the prisoners who had been engaged in Antony's party.

3. A scene of wce then ensued the like of which no eye had seen.

Practical Exercises in Composing.

A.

Read aloud the following piece, and make an abstract from memory. Underline any complex sentences that you may write.

PLEASANT REWARD OF CANDOR.

A certain Spanish duke having obtained leave of the King of
Spain to release some galley-slaves, went on board the galley at
Barcelona, where the prisoners were chained at their work.
Passing through the benches of slaves at the oar, he asked sev-
eral of them what their offences were. All excused themselves,
one saying that he was put there out of malice, another by
the bribery of a judge; but all unjustly. Among the rest was
a sturdy little fellow, whom the duke asked what he was there
for. 66
'Sir,” said he, “I cannot deny that I am justly sent here;
for I wanted money, and so I took a purse upon the highway to
keep me from starving." When he heard this, the duke, with
a little stick he had in his hand, gave the man two or three
slight blows on the back, saying, “You rogue, what are you
doing among so many honest men? Get you gone out of their
company." So he was freed, and the rest of the gang remained
there still to tug at the oar.

B.

Write a composition from the following outline:

OUR THREE GREATEST AMERICAN INVENTIONS.

1. THE COTTON-GIN.

(a.) Invented by Eli Whitney: state (if you can find out) when it was invented.

(b.) Its utility for what it is used-effect in increasing the cultivation of cotton-effect on the growth of slavery.

2. THE STEAMBOAT.

(a.) Invented by Robert Fulton: do you know anything about him? Name of the first steamer made in this country, the Clermont; to what place did it run? When was the first trip made?

(b.) What has grown out of this first experiment? Speak of the great number of large steamers now found on all the waters of the world.

3. THE TELEGRAPH.

(a.) Invented by Professor Morse. Is he now alive? The first line was constructed between Baltimore and Washington. In what year was this?

(b.) Progress of the telegraph—immense number of lines now constructed-mention in what countries-the Atlantic cable. (c.) Utility of the telegraph: its effect on every-day life — on business-on our knowledge of what is going on all over the world.

Exchange papers, and correct with reference to—

1. Spelling, capitals, and grammar.

2. The arrangement of the phrases in all the sentences.
3. The arrangement of the clauses in the complex sentences.

CHAPTER III.

THE COMPOUND SENTENCE.

I. NATURE OF COMPOUND SENTENCES. 26. A compound sentence consists of two or more inde pendent propositions.

The propositions of a compound sentence are of equal rank (co-ordinate).

27. The connection of the separate statements of a compound sentence is effected by means of co-ordinate conjunctions; and the nature of the connection depends on the kind of conjunction used.

I. Co-ordinate conjunctions are divided into four classes—namely: (1) copulative, (2) disjunctive, (3) adversative, (4) illative. [For a list of the connectives of compound sentences, see English Grammar, p. 232.] The following are illustrations:

1. The rains descended and the floods came-[two statements united into a compound sentence by the copulative conjunction "and"].

2. We must win the fight or Molly Stark is a widow—[two statements united into a compound sentence by the disjunctive conjunction "or"].

3. The commander was unwilling to surrender; but the garrison compelled him to do so-[two statements united into a compound sentence by the adversative conjunction "but"].

4. Pittsburgh is in the centre of a rich coal region; hence it is a great manufacturing city-[two statements united into a compound sentence by the illative conjunction "hence "].

II. Frequently the connective is omitted; as

1. The queen of the spring, as she passed down the vale,

Left her robe on the trees, [and] her breath on the gale.

2. The evil that men do lives after them; [but] the good is oft interred with their bones.