Maur-ETAN-ia, Lus-ETAN-ia, Ed-ETAN-i, Cos-ETAN-i, Lac-ETANI, Carp-ETANI, Or-ETANI, Turd-ETANI, and many others, is contained in the name of BRITAIN. The present writer sees in the ETAN a form of the Tun, as circle or enclosure. Aten or Uten (Eg.) means to form the circle, and Huten is the circle. The exact equivalent of Etan is UTAN (Eg.), later Etan, the name of a consecration, sacrifice, offering, and libation. These were made in the Tun, as the seat and circle of the dead. Uti (Eg.) is the name of the coffin and embalmment. HUDUN in Arabic is burying; and as all the chief type-names for the dwelling-place are derived from the place of sepulture, the Etan is not likely to be an exception.

The ancient Britons also called the country Inis-Prydhain, the Isle of Prydhain. Nennius derives the name of Britain from Brute, whom we identify with Pryd or Prydhain, the youthful sun-god of the Britons. But it appears certain that Britain was inhabited by the men of the River-drift type in the Paleolithic, if not the Pleistocene age, before Britain was broken off from the mainland to become an island, and it happens that an English word BRITTENE means to divide, to break off, divide into fragments. In Egyptian Pri or Prt signifies the thing or act in process, visibly appearing, bearing off, and running away; Tna is to divide, separate in two halves. At one time the water-way was a mere FRITH, and PRIT, PART, or BRIT is equivalent to Frith; TEN, as in tine and tint for one-half bushel, is the Egyptian TENA, to be made separate or TWAIN. As we have seen, this principle of naming the land visibly divided and made separate was applied to the Isle of Thanet; and the Brittany on one side of the Channel and Britain on the other are geologically known to have been divided in two; the names are there in accordance with the fact as if to register it, and prove that they had been one, whilst Brittene in English and Prit-tena in Egyptian agree in showing they were named as the land that was known to be, was manifestly, even visibly broken and separated in twain. Britain and Brittany, then, we take to have been named as the broken and divided land; as the visibly-divided land, or as the land in the process of visibly dividing, separating, and becoming two.

So in a thousand ways and things, myths, rites, customs, folklore, superstitions, words, names of places, and persons, dead Egypt, so called, is yet living in Britain, and has but undergone her own typical transformation which the rest of the world considers to be death.

SECTION X.

TYPE-NAMES OF THE PEOPLE.

HERE, it is submitted, is direct positive evidence of a remote pre-historic time as interesting to us as deciphering the cuneiform or hieroglyphic inscriptions or exploring Palestine. Speculative dreaming over a far-off past which never had a present has nothing to do with these facts of language; these names applied to things,. places, persons; this total system of mythology. The present writer did not begin as one of those poor pitiable "Keltomaniacs " who had been poring till purblind over their reliquary remains of a past which they could not prove, still holding fast to their faith in the preciousness of what they clasped in their hands or enclosed in their heart of hearts, and who, when they shyly showed their treasure in the light of the present, were told their diamonds were but charcoal, and the look of faith and wonder in whose yearning, dreamy eyes was met with scorn or the simper of superior knowledge, until they felt the increasing light of to-day did but serve to make their folly all the more definite. Such a one was MYFYR MORGANWY, who lately died as Arch-Druid of Wales. He was certainly in possession of the ancient cult more or less, which has never been altogether extinct in the country. He adored the sungod Hu as his saviour, and assembled the brethren at the time of the winter solstice to celebrate the coming of his Christ to bruise the serpent of Annwn, that seed time and harvest might not fail. He maintained to the last that Jesus was Hu, and the Christian system a corruption of Bardism.1 Not as one of these did the present writer begin, and not as with them is the matter going to end.

We shall now turn with increased interest to the Roman and Bardic reports concerning the learning of Britain. Those stern Roman eyes hard as granite, out of which the British battle-onset had so often struck the fire-flashes, like the granite broken all a-sparkle, have in

1 Letter in the Western Mail, March 12, 1874. See also the letter at the end of this volume.

them an arresting lingering look almost of wonder as the writers turn to speak of the barbarians into whose faces they had peered so often under the battle-shield, and whose souls they had never penetrated; whose past history they had never fathomed up to the time of leaving the island in a last retreat.

"The Gauls," says Pomponius Mela, "have a species of eloquence peculiar to themselves, and the Druids are its teachers. These profess to know the size and form of the earth, and the universe, the motions of the heavens and of the stars, and the intentions of the immortal gods. They take the young nobles of their tribe under their tuition, and teach them many things in secret. Their studies last a long time, as much as twenty years, in caves, or the depths of the forests. One of their tenets which has transpired is the immortality of the soul and the existence of a future state; which inspires them with much additional courage in war. As a result of this doctrine, they burn and bury with their dead all those things which were adapted for them when living. In former times they carried their accounts with them to the grave, and their claims for debts; some of them would even burn themselves on the same funeral pyre with their friends, that they might be with them in a future life." 1

"Bardism," say the Barddas,2 "originated in the Isle of Britain. No other country ever obtained a proper comprehension of Bardism. Three nations corrupted what they had learned of the Bardism of the Isle of Britain, blending it with heterogeneous principles, by which means they lost it: the Irish; the Kymry of Armorica, and the Germans." Beyond the Barddas are the Druids. "This institution," says Cæsar, "is thought to have originated in Britain, and to have been thence introduced into Gaul; and even now those who wish to become more accurately acquainted with it generally repair thither for the sake of learning it."

It is not necessary to notice the customary explanations of ancient names as Roman or Norse, because, if the present reading of facts be true, they are to a great extent superseded. Our land was mapped out and named and trodden all over ages before the Romans and Norsemen came, and their bloody hoofs did but little to obliterate the deeper footprints of the earlier men of a peaceful invasion.

It is beginning to be felt more and more that the effects of military conquests on the life of the land have been vastly exaggerated. Such conquest does not sink very deep; although it makes a great show on the surface, it melts into the earth like a snowfall and passes away. The re-conquest by the conquered begins at once. This is especially illustrated by the conquests of the Turk. It was so more or less with the Romans in Britain. No such Romanization occurred as that which is advocated by one class of writers, except in the Codification of the laws. No tabula rasa was ever made by the Romans, or 1 Pomponius Mela, iii. 2. 2 The Barddas, Williams, pref. p. 27.

they would have remained; nor by the Norsemen, for they were incorporated and absorbed. Both fertilized the race that fed on them and flourished.

Arnold of Rugby gave utterance to a false cry in English literature on the subject of Kelt and Saxon; he was unwearying in his glorification of the Saxon and depreciation of the Kelt. This cry was lustily echoed by his followers, and has often been re-echoed by the present writer in the most frequently demanded of all his lectures, one on the Old Sea-Kings. That cry has been a common bond even between the historians Froude and Freeman. Nevertheless we have been falsely infected with a shallow enthusiasm respecting the Saxon element, and were almost entirely ignorant of what might be signified by the words "Keltic" and "Kymric."

The Kymry and the Keltæ clung to the soil which their names had covered on the surface, and their roots had ramified below. The race was as ineffaceable as the names. The conquerors brought a fresh infusion of life and a wash of new words and later letter-sounds, but the older elements remained. Men might come and men might go, the race went on for ever. The Loegrians of England coalesced with the Saxons from the Humber to the Thames, and must have mainly supplied them with wives, as mothers of the amalgam.

Of course the present mode of diagnosis does not enable us to get beyond the namers, or to distinguish between the Cave-men of the Palæolithic tribes and the men of the River-drift. These have to be left in the lump as the Kymry, the race of Kâm or Khebma, the ancient genitrix of the north first named in Æthiopia. If there had been a pre-lingual race that crawled out over Europe from the warm African birthplace, language could not tell us. At present, however, there is no reason to suppose there was. The Cave-men answer to the Kafruti, whose representatives in Herodotus are the Æthiopian troglodytes.

The Kep (Kef) in Egyptian is the concealed place or place for concealment, the Kafruti of Africa were Cave-men, and language reproduces in the Isles the Kep, Coff, or cave, whether as the womb of the mother or the earth, which was primally personified in Africa by the Kheb-Ma or Mother Kheb, the hippopotamus. And on the other line the Khebm abrades into the Kam type, as in the Cwm, Coomb, Quim, Camster, or Camelot. The men of the Neolithic age as stone-polishers can be identified with the Karti (Eg.) or Keltæ ; also the men of the Hut-circles, Weems, Picts-houses and holes in the ground, the Karti, are doubly identified, because Karti (Eg.) means holes underground as well as other forms of the Kar, Caer, or circle, including the dual Wales and Corn-Wales.

Their representatives are still extant in the interior of Africa, where Stanley found them living in the subterranean habitations of Southern

1 B. iv. 183.

Unyoro, described by him as "deep pits with small circular mouths, which proved on examination to lead to several passages from the mouth of the pit to more roomy excavations like so many apartments." 1 The nearest approach to a Hottentot village is still to be found in a group of beehive houses in the shealing of the Garry of Aird Mhor, Uig, Lewis.2

The Egyptian Kar is a hole underground, the Kil. The hole becomes a cell, and the cell a shrine, in the KHER, that is, the KHA-RU or uterine outlet. With the P suffixed, this makes the word KHERP, a first formation which on one line is the CRIB, on another the grave. The entrance and circle of the Cair at CLAVA constitute the wombshape, and CLAVA represents the Kherp, that is, the Kha-ru or feminine cell, which becomes the GRAVE, or, in another type of the abode, the Crib.

The Karti, or men of the huts and holes, are known to have been spinners and potters, weavers and corn-men. A spindlewhorl, fragments of pottery, and a weaving-comb have been found among their relics. Dr. Blackmore discovered the cast of a grain of wheat in the clay which had formed a part of the cover of one of their pits. Also, two concave stones for crushing corn and making meal have been found.3

The earliest beings who issued forth from the dark land with Egypt for the MEST-RU (Mitzr), the outlet from the birthplace, were doubtless black and pigmean people. They left their nearest likeness with the Akka and the Bushmen, and these have their fellows, more or less, in the little black or very dark people of various lands. They are extant in the short-statured type of the North. The anthropologists bear witness to the primary pigmean people of the Isles who preceded the Keltæ. The name of the Kymry testifies to the black complexion. Also the Irish preserve two appellations which have been traced back from territorial to tribal names; one of these is the Corca DUIBNE, the other the Corca OIDCHE. Both were black people at first; the one dates from darkness, the other from night. So, in the African Mandingo, DIBI is the dark; TOBON, in Mantshu Tartar, and TUFAN, in Arabic, signify the dark night. Not only does DUIBNE denote black, it also identifies the Typhonians, the children of Tef, goddess of the Great Bear, and the celestial black country of Kush, whose star is yet extant by name as Dubhe in that constellation. Also, as the first Goddess of the North was followed by Uati, so the Oidche or night people seem to echo her name; Uat being a modified form of Khebt, and the Corca Oidche are the people of night.

In Scottish folklore the Picts (Pechs) are the little men, on their

1 Through the Dark Continent, v. i. p. 432.

2 The Past in the Present, p. 64. Dr. Arthur Mitchel.

3 Dawkins, Early Man in Britain, p. 268.