sub' sti tūte, to put in the place of ŭn däunt' ed, fearless. The teacher may illustrate the further use of these rules by giving the pupils additional words. Drop final e before appending ing, er, est, but retain it before able, ous, and suffixes beginning with a consonant; as, care, caring; eye, eying; tithe, tithing; clothe, clothing; peace, peaceable; courage, courageous; agree, agreeable; free, freer, freest, freeing; mile, mileage; acre, acreage; move, movement. Exception 1.-Hoe, toe, shoe; dye, singe, springe, swinge and tinge retain e before ing. Exception 2.-Before adding a suffix, drop e from due, awe, true, whole, nurse, accrue, wise, abridge, argue, acknowledge, judge, lodge, and from able, cable, noble, and other words ending in le. Put ie for y before s, d, r or st, and i for y before al; as, cry, cried, crier, criest; fly, flier, fliest; try, tried, trier, triest, trial. Illustrate the use of the following words in sentences: "What stubbing, plowing, digging and harrowing are to land-thinking, reflecting and examining are to the mind." chilled (child), hardened, said of cast- fer' ti lī zer, an implement for sowiron; as, chilled plows. ing fertilizing preparations. cōl' ter, a knife or cutter, attached to hăr' row, an implement for breaking the beam of a plow. eŭl' ti vā tōr, an implement to loosen or smoothing land. här' věst er, a machine for cutting and gathering grain. hělve, an ax handle. hōe, a tool for digging, weeding, etc. îm' ple ment, an instrument; tool or sickle, a reaping instrument for handutensil. use. lōad' er, an implement for loading snath, the handle of a scythe. hay, etc. mow' er (mō-), a machine for cutting grass, etc. phos' phate, a salt of phosphoric acid used for fertilizing. plow, an implement for turning or breaking up the soil. reap' er, a machine for cutting grain. scythe, an instrument for mowing grass, etc., by hand. sulk' y-rāke, a rake drawn by horses, having a seat for a driver. swath (swôth), the whole sweep cut by a scythe or mowing machine. těd' der, an implement that spreads and turns newly-mown hay. thrash' ing-ma chïne', a machine for separating grain from straw. weed' er, a tool for freeing the soil from weeds. seed' er, an implement which sows or wheel' băr row, a one-wheeled handplants seeds. carriage. LESSON 7 MISCELLANEOUS ǎg' i tāte, to rouse; to stir up. ǎn ni ver' sa ry, a day annually celebrated. cu' po là, a roof having a rounded form. dis bē lief', the act of disbelieving. ǎp prox' i mate, to bring or come è qua' tõr, an imaginary great circle near to. boy' eott, to withhold trade. bụl' wark (-wŭrk), a defensive wall. căm paign', (-pāne'), the time an army keeps the field; any organized political, social or commercial contest. çit' i zen, a townsman. around the earth. ĕx' eȧ vāte, to hollow out. fil' ial (-yal), befitting a child. fos' sil, antiquated; petrified vegetable or animal matter. gen til' i ty, good breeding; refinement of manners. guid' ançe, direction; a leading. con' sum māte (or eon sum'-), to bring haugh' ty, proud and disdainful; ar cō te riē' (-rē'), a clique; a social or hôr' ti eŭl ture, cultivation of a garliterary circle. erē' māte, to burn. den or orchard. hū māne', merciful; kind. The second word in each pair is opposite in meaning to that of the first. ǎb' sti něnce, abstaining; self-denial. | făb' ū loŭs, not real; incredible.. in dŭl' gençe, gratification. ǎd mō ni' tion, reproof; warning. com mo' di ous, large; spacious. au then' tie, genuine; true; credible. fi' nal, last; decisive. in çip' i ent, initial; commencing. în còn vē' nient, unfit; ill-contrived. | fēr' tile, fruitful; rich. LESSON 9 ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING ăq'ue dŭet, an artificial channel for bål' eo ny, a projecting gallery from conveying water. ärch, a curved or vaulted structure to support weight above an opening. awn' ing, a roof-like cover, usually of canvas. the wall of a building. băl' us trade, a row of balusters, topped by a rail. bǎp' tis try, part of a church containing a font for baptismal services. băt' tle ment, a notched parapet or Co rin' thi an, a style of architecture wall; a breast work. běl' fry, a bell tower. bråck' et, a decorative projection, or support attached to a wall or pier. bŭt' tress, a projecting support to the outside of a wall or arch. çinque' foil (sĭnk'-), a five-leaved rosette used in windows, panels, etc. clear-stō' ry, upper story of the nave of a church. cleat, a strip of wood or iron. eŏl on nade', a series of columns at certain distances from each other. eŏl' umn, a kind of pillar. invented by the Greeks. eor' ri dor, a gallery or passageway in a building. Dor' ie, the oldest and simplest style of Grecian architecture. dôr' mer, an upright window in the roof of a house. draughts' man, (drafts'-) one who draws or makes plans. es eŭtch' eon, (-ŭn) a shield around a keyhole. få çāde', the front of a building. Goth' ie, a style of architecture, with pointed arches, steep roofs, etc. com pos' ite, a style of architecture I Ŏn' ie, a style of architecture which composed of Ionic and Corinthian. has a capital with a spiral scroll. LESSON 10 ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING jămb, side piece of a fire-place, door, | på gō' då, an oriental idol, temple, or or window. coin. key' stone, the middle stone of an på vil' ion, a covering; a canopy. arch. lǎt' tice, a kind of network of crossbars. lin' těl, upper horizontal part of a door-frame, etc. măn' tel, finish round a fireplace; a shelf above a fireplace. Mō resque' (-rěsk'), a style of architecture or decoration; Moorish. môr' tise, an opening or cut to receive a tenon. nāve, body of a church; hub. pěd' es tal, the base or foot of a column, statue, vase, etc. pěnd' ant, a hanging ornament on roof, ceiling, etc. pă ăz' zȧ, an arcaded and roofed gallery; a veranda. piēr, a projecting wharf; a support. pil' lar, a column; a pier. pōrte eo chêre' (pōrt kō shâr'), a covered carriage entrance attached to a house. stâirs, a series of steps. new' el, an upright post at the bot- tra' çer y, ornamental work in archi trěl' lis, a structure of light crossbars. | vi' å dŭet, a bridge, with arches, tres'tle, framework for a bridge, etc. Tus' căn, a style of architecture. vault'ed, an arched roof; concave. across a valley or river. wāin' seŏt, paneled boards on the walls of a room. LESSON 11 MISCELLANEOUS The best way of all to have time is to have the habit of regular work, not to work by fits and starts, but in definite hours of the day, and to work six days in the week-not five, and not seven. ǎb er rā' tion, a wandering of the pa la' tial, like a palace; magnificent. plå teau' (-tō'), a broad, level, elevated area of land. mind; partial insanity. breadth, width. com' et, a star with a nebulous train pròd' i ġy, a wonder; any surprising or tail. thing. děs' uē tūde (-we-), disuse; discon- pshaw (shaw), an exclamation of con tinuance of practice, etc. e măn’gi pate, to set free. flēeçe, to defraud; the wool of one sheep. gǎl' ler y, a kind of platform with seats on brackets or columns. tempt. pu̟l' pit, a desk to preach or speak răn' dom, course without definite hor' ror, excessive fear; dread; ter- sua' sion, the act of persuading. ror. hyp' no tism, an artificial sleep. in' fi nite, unlimited; complete and absolute. mis' chief, harm; trouble. sus pi' cion, distrust; to suspect. trough (trawf), a long hollow vessel. Ŏp' po site, contrary; adverse; facing. | vā' rỹ, to change. |