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Martin's Cash Store

FRANTZ & WILSON,

519 Commercial Street,

is a place where you can get almost anything you desire. They Shoes and Slippers.

keep for sale Dry Goods, Notions, Clothing for Men and Boys, Boots
and Shoes, Groceries, Flour and Feed. When you need anything to
eat or wear do not miss calling at our store, which is it the
OPERA House BLOCK

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LADIES', $1.50 to $4.50. MEN'S, $1.50 to $5.00.

Students Invited to Call.

When you want
the best work in

PHOTOGRAPHY

Hot and Cold Water Bath Tub,
Free for Roomers Only.

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Vol. X.

EMPORIA, KANSAS, OCTOBER, 1897.

SLEEP, BABY, SLEEP.

The mock-bird singeth sweet songs for thee,

Sleep, baby, sleep;

The harvest-fly hummeth away in the tree,
Sleep, baby, sleep.

Hum and sing, sing and hum,
Mother is singing a lullaby;
Sing and hum, hum and sing,

Hush, little baby, oh hush-a-by.

Out in the meadow is little Bob White,

Sleep, baby, sleep;

Calling to thee, my sweet, "good night,"

Sleep, baby, sleep.

Hum and sing, sing and hum, Mother is singing a lullaby;

Sing and hum, hum and sing,

Hush, little baby, oh hush-a-by.

Angels will watch o'er my little one's bed,

Sleep, baby sleep;

The darkness has come and the daylight has fled, Sleep, baby, sleep.

Hum and sing, sing and hum,

Mother is singing a lullaby;

Sing and hum, hum and sing,

Hush, little baby, oh, hush-a-by.

FRANCES GILLETTE.

Motor Control: Its Nature and Place in the Physical and Psychical Life of the Children.

[Paper read before Kansas Child-Study Society, May 14, 1897, at Lawrence, Kansas, by Dr. Oscar Chrisman.]

At birth the child is ready for action. He has the brain with at least some nerve-centers formed. Going out from the brain to the various organs and parts of the body are the nerves ready to work. Whatever inherited tendencies there may be, there yet remains the greatest work in the development of the functions. At birth there is no hearing, but feeble sense of sight and also of taste, not much touch, and no voluntary movement whatever. Thinking, feeling, doing, if existent, are all directed to the one thing-getting food.

Nor is there any period at which all the psychical and physical functions burst forth upon the child. In fact, scarcely any two functions appear to be brought out at the same time. In the first few months the child is learning the things which are very simple. Learning to sit and to stand in his mother's lap prepares him for standing and later for walking. The babbling and prattling have strengthened his vocal organs and given more coordination between brain-centers and muscles, and so language is produced. Thus the child's life is being developed. Each step that he takes in his physical and psychical life helps on to the next. In the early stages of the child's life the duties of the mother are quite simple. In later stages her work and the work of the teacher become much more complex and the child grows each day to be a greater problem. The child is known only through his physical manifestations. There are two general kinds of movements-voluntary and involuntary. The voluntary movement occurs from an external stimulus of some sort. The involuntary movement seems to be the result of changes which arise within the organism itself. Movements may also be divided into: (1) Impulsive; (2) Expressive; (3) Automatic; (4) Imitative; (5) Reflex; (6) Instinctive; (7) Selective. These

No. 1.

classes arise from the importance of the external or internal factor in the movement. Impulsive and Expressive refer to movements which contain only the internal factor. Automatic and Imitative movements partake of both internal and external stimuli. The movements designated Reflex, Instinctive, and Selective arise only from external causes.

Impulsive movements are irregular and without purpose. These are such as occur in the embryonic state and in early infancy, also they are found all through life. Under these are classed those squirming and twisting movements noted in very young infants. I recall quite distinctly the squirming of our child when very young when at any time her napkin was removed. The little limbs and hip were thrown about in just such a squirming way as one sees in a fish-worm cut in two. The expressive movements are much more definite than the Impulsive. Each one is a marked indication of a bodily or mental state. Such are the movements expressive of emotions, fatigue, and the like. These movements are a rise above the Impulsive towards conscious and voluntary movements. Next in the chain come the Automatic movements. (In this classification it must be noted that it is not according to the historical development of the movements that they are placed, but rather to the condition in which they are found in the later life of the child and of the adult.) Automatic movements are inherited or acquired. The movements of the vital organs are inherited. Walking movements, unconscious handling of tools, and the like are acquired. Originally these acquired movements were markedly conscious, but later they became to be so regularly and constantly used as to drop almost out of consciousness and are habitually performed. The coordination between the parts used and the brain-centers, becomes so close as to be performed with little or no retention in mind of the action of the muscles. Imitative movements may be voluntary or involuntary, conscious or unconscious, but in their earliest form were perhaps both voluntary and conscious. In the smaller child, at least, imitative movements made unconsciously are the most perfectly made. It seems that in the conscious imitation, trying to hold the mental image tends to retard a proper and necessary flow through the nerves to the parts required in the imitation. The next class of movements, Reflex, is the simplest form of the voluntary movement. They are wholly produced from external stimuli which in most cases, if not in all, seem not to be carried directly into consciousness but stop in centers this side of it. An example of this is the jerking away of the hand when coming in contact with a hot or cold object. Instinctive movements belong to the same type as the Reflex but they are much more complex in their nature. They have always a definite purpose which, though, is more often unknown to the animal making the motion. These instinctive movements are quite mysterious and hard to understand, and in many ways border on reason and judgment. These movements, quite marked in the very young child, are seemingly lost in the later and higher forms of reason and judgment. The highest form of all movement may be designated Selective movement. This movement is made after having in consciousness two impulses. So these movements demand attention. This makes them come in the realm of education.

All these various movements are found in the child, and it is

highly necessary for the teacher to understand this and to be able to distinguish one from another. This last form, Selective, though, is the one which has in it most for the teacher. As the child must give attention to external matters in order to have correct data on which to base his movements, and as he must carefully weigh all that is presented to his mind before the movement is selected, so it is the duty of the teacher to see that the right material is placed before the child and that he be held to give to such the best of attention.

Motor incoordination is always disagreeable from whatever source it may arise. All of us can recall stepping off some abrupt place in the sidewalk when such a place was previously unknown. Also one can recall the lifting of an empty bucket supposed to be full. The teacher must fully understand that such incoordination is easily brought about in the child by undue excitement whether pleasant or disagreeable. The very over-anxiousness to please or to do work so as to avoid punishment, may throw the control of the hand out of the sway of the will and bring on incoordination. Incoordination is very marked in fatigue. The connection between a tired muscle and its nerve-center seems to be entirely lost or very greatly disarranged. This is a strong argument against the detention of pupils after school. If the child is at all able at such times to do the work required, the amount of forced brain-power necessary to bring coordination of brain-center and muscular organ is so very great, that the literary good obtained thereby is of very little value compared to the amount of brain-power forever lost.

Instead of subjecting the pupils to so great waste of good psychical powers, the teacher should ever be on the alert to ascertain from the motor condition of the child his mental condition. The weak child will show weakness in every posture and movement. The drooping hand, the bending of the spine at the abdomen, the dropping of the head to one side, all show weakness in the child. Fatigue marks itself so plainly that no observant teacher can fail to note it. Exhaustion is yet more marked. In this condition the face loses its finer lines of expression, the jaw may be slightly dropped, the muscles about the eye are relaxed, and a general toneless condition of the body exists. Irritability marks itself just as plainly. Every noise startles the child, a touch gives a nervous action. So can other bodily forms show the mental condition.

Some tests have been made of the motor ability of children and results of importance found.

Tests were made on children of 5, 6, and 7 years of age. At the outset, this investigator (Hancock) says: "In the effort to train the intellect of the child, considerable quiet is demanded of him. It is one of the faults of children, in the minds of many teachers and parents, that they do not keep as quiet as the adult. The quiet child which sits through the sermon, or which sits still when callers are present, and which does not tear or soil its clothing, is liked and given the reputation of being good." He tested the ability of the children to keep quiet. An apparatus was placed on the child's head as he stood erect, which recorded his swayings, on smoked paper hung above him. The child was asked to stand with feet close together and hands at side, to keep his attention on a distant object and try to stand still for a minute. The results obtained were contrasted with those obtained from adults between 20 and 30 years of age. It is needless to say that neither adults nor children stood still during the entire minute nor even for half a minute. The children being shorter than the adults, one would expect their swayings to be less than the adults', but just the contrary was true—the children's swayings were significantly greater than that of the adults. Also the steadiness of arm and of hand was tested. In this, as in the other, the arm of the child was far less steady than that of the adult. This

same investigator made some tests on kindergarten children in regard to the interlacing of slats, threading of needles, tying ends of string, and similar tests of coordination. Another investigator (Bryan) tried the test of the power of tapping by children of various ages. He found that at 16 the youth could tap five times as fast as the child of six. He found that the hand-power develops later than the arm-power but soon surpasses the arm power.

From these tests, observations and reading, these investigators are led to conclude with other psychologists that the larger muscles are first brought into control by the will-that is, the brain-centers for the control of the larger movements are earliest developed, or in other words, that coordination takes place first between the brain and the larger muscles, and that the finer and more delicate muscular movements are not developed until later. If this be true, then we have gained a very important pedagogical fact and one which must eventually greatly modify the work of kindergarten and primary schools. If this theory be true, then we can see that the brush of the Chinese child used for writing is much superior to the fine pen of our schoolrooms. Also that the large scrawling writing of the young child is really the only writing it can do in accordance with proper expenditure of power, and that it must be encouraged in this very kind of writing. Some have gone so far as to claim that only crayon and black-board writing with full-arm movement should be asked of the child. Also, this theory would abolish in the schoolroom the copper-plate writing book and geometrical drawing. It would demand that the finished drawing-work of our present schoolroom should be wholly excluded.

Whether one can agree with this theory of the development first of brain-cells coordinating with the larger muscles, observations do teach that much of the finer work should not be given to little children.

Since the motor ability of the child is great, since he revels in movement, it remains for education to find some way of utilizing these powers. Play is so common to the child and consumes so much of his energy, it seems that truly this can be turned to some account and much educational food be given through this medium. Famous will be the man who can combine the useful and the practicable in education with the pleasurable, and so can turn the play of the child into the form of education. Further fame will be to him who in this combining of play and work will bring happiness to the child. Already one step in this direction has been taken-the Kindergarten. When and what will be the next?

DAWN.

An angel robed in spotless white
Bent down and kissed the sleeping Night;
Night woke to blush; the spirit was gone;
Man saw the blush and called it Dawn.
-PAUL DUNBAR.

DAWN.

A calm of color and a hush of song,
One crystal star ascendent in the grey;
Then, tints and tones tumultuously throng-
God's prelude to His symphony of day!
D. A. ELLSWORTH,

-

The first is from the pen of the "only man of pure African blood of American civilization, so far as we know, who is able to feel the negro life æsthetically and express it lyrically."

The second is from the pen of our own cherished professor, a nineteenth century poet able to feel Saxon life æsthetically and express it lyrically. How many centuries apart are these two lyric souls?

Ex-REGENT J. H. FRANKLIN was recently elected States Attorney for Marshall county, Illinois.

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Dumond, Edward Joseph, principal schools, Neosho Falls. Finley, Laura Joquette, assistant principal high school, Russell.

Gorow, George Franklin, principal high school, Marysville.
Landers, Harriet, assistant principal high school, Frankfort.
Means, Hiram Malcolm, principal schools, Everest.
Morse, Adelaide Jeanette, teaching, Emporia.

Perley, Jennie Haskell, teacher city schools, Los Angeles, California.

Robinson, Ernest Francis, principal city schools, Quinter. Sandborn, Annie Eleander, teacher Dickinson County High School, Chapman.

Schenck, George, principal schools, Elk City.

Sutton, Ulysses Grant, teacher English, high school, Paola. Van Amburgh, Harriette, teacher high school, Downs. Van Voris, William Arthur, assistant physical laboratory and physiology, K. S. N. S., Emporia.

Witt, George Nelson, principal schools, Nortonville.

ENGLISH COURSE.

Evans, Jeptha Wilson, assistant principal high school, Junction City.

Freeman, Ernest Harrison, teaching, North Topeka.
Kennett, Maud Estella, teacher city schools, Silver Lake.
Lyon, William Otis, assistant principal, Mankato.
Snyder, Anna, principal schools, Perry.

Watson, Mary Agnes, teacher city schools, Severance. Wheeler, Abijah Clement, student Kansas State University, Lawrence.

ELEMENTARY COURSE.

Ader, Benjamin Franklin, principal schools, Mound City. Alden, Lizzie Shaw, teacher Baptist Mission School, Atoka, Indian Territory.

Avery, Edna, teacher city schools, Pleasanton.

Avery, Inis Florence, teaching Milford.

Aves, Lottie Elizabeth, teacher city schools, Florence.
Bacheller, Milan Owen, teaching, Lyons.

Balcomb, Emily Lydia, teacher city schools, Brookville.
Becker, Otto M., principal schools, Lenora.

Boles, Elizabeth, teaching, Madison.

Braum, Creswell Corbett, teaching, Denison.
Brown, Lutie Irene, teaching, Emporia.
Brown, Naomi Harrah, teacher city schools, Clyde.
Comfort, Theressa Pearl, teacher city schools, Osborne.
Daniel, Edna Maud, teaching, Emporia.

Davis, Charles Sumner, superintendent printing department K. S. A. C., Manhattan.

De Baun, Janette Cecil, teacher city schools, Pleasanton. Dickson, James, teaching, Auburn.

Ellis, Cora, teaching, Merriam.

Evans, Frances Grace, teaching, Emporia.

Fitch, Laura M., teacher city schools, Kansas City, Kansas.
Foulks, Nellie Florence, principal schools, McCracken.
George, Mary Etta, teaching, Dunlap.

Goodman, Josephine, assistant principal, Oberlin.
Goodwin, Sadie, teacher city schools, Hoisington.
Graham, Adda May, teaching, Dunavant.

Graham, Agnes Emma, teacher city schools, Waverly.
Hamm, David, teaching, Osawkie.

Harding, Ellsworth Henry, principal schools, Reading. Heacock, Arnal Burtis, county superintendent, Harper county.

Higgins, Grace Alice, teacher city schools, Morehead, Minn.
Higgins, Marion Villiers, teacher city schools, Wellsville.
Hill, Mary, teacher city schools, Belleville.
Hodgins, Helen May, teacher city schools, Centralia.
Hornaday, Edna, teacher city schools, Chanute.
Hubbard, Ruth Anna, teaching, Emporia.

Ish, Ethel Stoughton, principal city schools, Vermillion.
Jenkins, James Louis, student Kansas State Normal.
Jones, Emma Candace, teaching, McLouth.
Lindamood, Clara E., teacher city schools, Brookville.
Lockhart, Andrew, principal schools, Bennington.
McIntyre, Mary Ray, teacher city schools, Shoshone, Wash.
Martin, Daisy May, teacher city schools, Burlington.
Mossman, Dema May, teaching, Paxico.

Myers, Charles Wallas, student Kansas State Normal.
Nall, Georgia F., teacher city schools, Marion.
Nelson, Elsa Christine, teacher city schools, Concordia.
Park, Josie Eveline, teacher Industrial School, Beloit.
Peach, Bernice Florence, teaching, Emporia.
Perry, John Shearer, teacher city schools, Neosho Falls.
Phenicie, Mary K., teacher city schools, Tonganoxie.
Reed, Olive, student Kansas State University, Lawrence.
Salser, Everett Ellsworth, student and assistant penmanship,
K. S. N. S.

Smith, Lillian Belle, teacher city schools, Valley Falls.
Sowerby, Mary Elizabeth, teaching, Dunlap.

Steele, Grace Marie, teacher city schools, Sabetha.
Stewart, Sallie Wilson, teacher city schools, Bozeman, Mont.
Tangemann, Minnie Margareth, teacher city schools,

Newton.

Vaudrey, Clara Isabel, teacher city schools, Twin Falls. Wilbur, Lestie, teaching, Wichita.

Wolcott, Carrie Adelia, teaching, Parsons.

ACADEMIC COURSE.

Beadle, Jesse A., principal ward school, Lakeside, California.

Crawford, James Elmer, principal schools, Melvern.

Elias, Edward, teacher German and French, K. S. N. S., Emporia.

Keller, William Heber, student Kansas State Normal.
Krehbiel, Christian E., teacher city schools, Halstead.
Warner, Beth, teacher city schools, Meriden.

AMONG the graduates of the school who are with us again taking advanced work, are J. M. Colburn, '90, J. L. Jenkins, '97, H. H. Gerardy, '96, Laura Rubow, '90, S. A. Bardwell, '95, T. M. Wood, '96, and W. H. Keller, '97. C. W. Kline, '95, enters this month to finish the Latin course.

ONE of our graduates writes us that she wishes to tell us how much she enjoys reading the MONTHLY. "It is like a letter from home." We have many letters of similar character. WE are sorry to learn of the death' of William Ferguson, with us last year. He died at his home in Wichita, of typhoid fever, on September 11.

The Study Table. M'LOUISE JONES.

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The Kansas summer weather threatened last June to warp the "Study Table" and loosen its joinings, when some remarked, "This must not be. How can we gather 'Just Among Ourselves' if we may not gather about the old 'Study Table.'" Then, the electric bells rang out "Twelve o'clock and all is well;" the great door, "so frequent on its hinge before," closed with a clang; the broken-back key slipped the bolt safely into its socket and ran away leaving the deserted rooms of the dear old Normal to the human spiders whose instinct it is to spin

"When little man Mercury

Up from his dwelling a tall ladder shows." Stowed away in a baggage car of the old Santa Fe, the Study Table was carried to a cooler clime where around it there gathered the sages of this and other lands. It will take a year and a day to tell all that these savants said, or read, or exhibited around its hospitable board. All had traveled extensively in the realms of Mind and were now returning from Klondike. Here are some of the nuggets of wisdom that they brought from the mines full, they tell us, of unknown riches. The journey is toilsome, but pleasant and safe, and "oh, so satisfying at the end." Each one brought away a chest full and yet did not impoverish the mines for any of us who may wish to go and dig likewise.

Reading is a matter of nutrition.

Learn to substitute intellectual life and delight for lower life and delight.

Culture makes one to be as much at home among books as a stable-boy is among horses. Thus saith Dr. Arnold Tompkins.

**

Our best friends are books that are reverent in spirit and help us to find God.

Every story should have educative value, hence it must contain the universal or the child will not see itself; it must contain the ideal or it will not see its better self. A folk story or a world story is better than a new story. A plant or animal story is better than a personal story. To know a good story is to have a literary taste.-The Hervy's.

The good teacher crowds the universal into the individual; the poor teacher leaves it isolated.

Definition is the putting of the universal into the individual. The problem of education-to find ourselves at home in the objective world.-Dr. Tompkins.

The object of a college education is, says President Gilman of John Hopkins University:

I. Concentration, or the ability to hold the mind exclusively and persistently to one subject.

2. Distribution, or power to arrange and classify known facts.

3. Retention, or power to hold facts.

4. Expression, or power to tell what you know.

5. Power of judgment, or making sharp discriminations between that which is false, that which is temporal, that which is essential.

How far may this object be attained in the Kansas State Normal School?

The editor of the Outlook is a close observer of men and a wise thinker. Recently he has written an article on "Through Intelligence to Instinct," in which he thinks aloud: "Many people suppose that as soon as a man understands how a piece of work ought to be done he can do it; not knowing that the real differences between men are not differences of brain, but

differences of instinct and skill. A little study makes it entirely possible to understand how the great picture was painted; but what a training lies between that initial knowledge and the ability to paint a picture! We are slow to learn the truth that the education of the intellect by itself, no matter how thorough and complete, is only rudimentary; education must go through a man's instinct into his personality before it can be said to be finished or to count for anything productively. 'It is the unintelligent ME, stupid as an idiot,' says Dr. Holmes, 'that has to try a thing a thousand times before he can do it, and then never knows how he does it, that at last does it well. We have to educate ourselves through the pretentious claims of intellect, into the humble accuracy of instinct, and we end by acquiring the dexterity, the perfection, the certainty, which those masters of arts, the bee and the spider, inherit from Nature.' There is a depth of insight and philosophy in these words that one rarely finds in a formal discussion of educational questions; a wisdom that both pupils and teachers are to learn."

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6. When the author describes the character of a personage in his tale, the conduct and conversation of that personage shall justify said description.

7. When a personage talks like an illustrated, gilt-edged, tree-calf, hand-tooled, seven-dollar Friendship's Offering, in the beginning of a paragraph, he shall not talk like a negro minstrel in the end of it.

8. The personages of a tale shall confine themselves to possibilities and let miracles alone; or, if they venture a miracle, the author must so plausibly set it forth as to make it look possible and reasonable.

9. The author shall make the reader feel a deep interest in the personages of his tale and in their fate; he shall make the reader love the good people in the tale and hate the bad ones. The characters in the tale shall be so clearly defined that the reader can tell beforehand what each will do in a given emergency.

IO.

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